{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:50:27Z","timestamp":1787313027752,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T23:54:17Z","timestamp":1578959657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparing Cathelicidin Susceptibility of the Meningitis Pathogens Streptococcus suis and Escherichia coli in Culture Medium in Contrast to Porcine or Human Cerebrospinal Fluid"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marita","family":"Meurer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"de Buhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linn Meret","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta C.","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Seele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Nau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph G.","family":"Baums","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gutsmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"von K\u00f6ckritz-Blickwede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ367","article-title":"Escherichia coli meningitis features in 325 children from 2001 to 2013 in France.","volume":"61","author":"Basmaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6154","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00359-06","article-title":"Identification of a novel virulence determinant with serum opacification activity in Streptococcus suis.","volume":"74","author":"Baums","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6982","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01043-1046","article-title":"Induction of the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP in the blood-brain barrier and meninges after meningococcal infection.","volume":"74","author":"Bergman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.09.018","article-title":"In vitro activity of human and animal cathelicidins against livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"194","author":"Blodkamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31818b4801","article-title":"Role of glial cells in the functional expression of LL-37\/rat cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide in meningitis.","volume":"67","author":"Brandenburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2003.12.008","article-title":"\u03b2-defensins and LL-37 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with cystic fibrosis.","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"B7","year":"2018","journal-title":"VET01 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.49.3.249","article-title":"Effect of pH changes in cerebrospinal fluid specimens on bacterial survival and antigen test results.","volume":"49","author":"Cunniffe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12649","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap formation in the Streptococcus suis-infected cerebrospinal fluid compartment.","volume":"19","author":"de Buhr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00143","article-title":"The human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 as a potential treatment for polymicrobial infected wounds.","volume":"4","author":"Duplantier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02578-2515","article-title":"Characterization of five zoonotic Streptococcus suis strains from germany, including one isolate from a recent fatal case of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome in a hunter.","volume":"53","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","author":"Ekblom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pergamum Announces Final Data From Phase I\/II Study of LL-37 in Patients With Chronic leg Ulcers."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.05.026","article-title":"Correcting a fundamental flaw in the paradigm for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.","volume":"20","author":"Ersoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.28595","article-title":"Streptococcus suis infection.","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.45","article-title":"Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent\u2014an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing.","volume":"3","author":"Goyette-Desjardins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/186161a0","article-title":"Calcium and magnesium in human cerebrospinal fluid.","volume":"286","author":"Hunter","year":"1960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-017-0347-8","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antibacterial effect of NZ2114 against Streptococcus suis type 2 infection in mice peritonitis models.","volume":"7","author":"Jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"AMB Express."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397048-0.00010-13","article-title":"Meningitis-associated Escherichia coli.","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"EcoSal Plus"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2014.10.004","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis in infants.","volume":"42","author":"Ku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv487","article-title":"Standard susceptibility testing overlooks potent azithromycin activity and cationic peptide synergy against MDR Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.","volume":"71","author":"Kumaraswamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.08.022","article-title":"Testing cathelicidin susceptibility of bacterial mastitis isolates: technical challenges and data output for clinical isolates.","volume":"210","author":"Langer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39219-w","article-title":"Cationic intrinsically disordered antimicrobial peptides (CIDAMPs) represent a new paradigm of innate defense with a potential for novel anti-infectives.","volume":"9","author":"Latendorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.05.021","article-title":"Azithromycin synergizes with cationic antimicrobial peptides to exert bactericidal and therapeutic activity against highly multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial pathogens.","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C624","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00336.2016","article-title":"Is it time to reinvent basic cell culture medium?","volume":"312","author":"McKee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00007-10","article-title":"Penetration of drugs through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid\/blood-brain barrier for treatment of central nervous system infections.","volume":"23","author":"Nau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2010.11.001","article-title":"Cathelicidins\u2014therapeutic antimicrobial and antitumor host defense peptides for oral diseases.","volume":"47","author":"Okumura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8405","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.13.8405","article-title":"Inactivation of the dlt operon in staphylococcus aureus confers sensitivity to defensins, protegrins, and other antimicrobial peptides.","volume":"274","author":"Peschel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2294-z","article-title":"Case report: two human Streptococcus suis infections in Borneo, Sabah, Malaysia.","volume":"17","author":"Rajahram","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01349-12","article-title":"Resistance of the Brain to Escherichia coli K1 infection depends on MyD88 signaling and the contribution of neutrophils and monocytes.","volume":"81","author":"Ribes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0544-8","article-title":"Streptococcus suis 7: an emerging virulent sequence type (ST29) shows a distinct, IgM-determined pattern of bacterial survival in blood of piglets during the early adaptive immune response after weaning.","volume":"49","author":"Rieckmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02274-13","article-title":"Ceftaroline restores daptomycin activity against daptomycin-nonsusceptible vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.","volume":"58","author":"Sakoulas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.12.013","article-title":"Virulence-associated gene profiling of Streptococcus suis isolates by PCR.","volume":"115","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.4.1750-1756.1999","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the locus of Streptococcus suis serotype 2: the capsule protects against phagocytosis and is an important virulence factor.","volume":"67","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2174\/09298665113206660110","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier transport of short proline-rich antimicrobial peptides.","volume":"21","author":"Stalmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prot. Pept. Lett."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203053027520","article-title":"The cathelicidins - structure, function and evolution.","volume":"6","author":"Tomasinsig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Prot. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6030063","article-title":"Cathelicidins: immunomodulatory antimicrobials.","volume":"6","author":"van Harten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(96)00028-24","article-title":"Characterization of virulence of the Streptococcus suis serotype 2 reference strain Henrichsen S 735 in newborn gnotobiotic pigs.","volume":"51","author":"Vecht","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095939","article-title":"Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of PR-39 derived peptides.","volume":"9","author":"Veldhuizen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1087","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1278","article-title":"APD3: the antimicrobial peptide database as a tool for research and education.","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3588-4_12","article-title":"Design of antimicrobial peptides: progress made with human cathelicidin LL-37.","volume":"1117","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1086\/596763","article-title":"Streptococcus suis: an emerging human pathogen.","volume":"48","author":"Wertheim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-51","article-title":"Transcellular migration of neutrophil granulocytes through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier after infection with Streptococcus suis.","volume":"8","author":"Wewer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17962","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.009441","article-title":"The cysteine protease ApdS from Streptococcus suis promotes evasion of innate immune defenses by cleaving the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37.","volume":"294","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)01050-O","article-title":"Cathelicidins: a novel protein family with a common proregion and a variable C-terminal antimicrobial domain.","volume":"374","author":"Zanetti","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2008\/017988-17980","article-title":"Differential expression of the polysialyl capsule during blood-to-brain transit of neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1.","volume":"154","author":"Zelmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00048","article-title":"In vitro\/vivo mechanism of action of MP1102 With Low\/Nonresistance against Streptococcus suis Type 2 Strain CVCC 3928.","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02911\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T20:40:07Z","timestamp":1613940007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02911\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02911","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"article-number":"2911"}}