{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:32:25Z","timestamp":1791174745123,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T04:30:59Z","timestamp":1590381059000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Buruli ulcer: The Efficacy of Innate Immune Defense May Be a Key Determinant for the Outcome of Infection With Mycobacterium ulcerans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"R\u00f6ltgen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Pluschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06783.x","article-title":"PPE and PE_PGRS proteins of Mycobacterium marinum are transported via the type VII secretion system ESX-5.","volume":"73","author":"Abdallah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.15.1746","article-title":"Sixty-three cases of Mycobacterium marinum infection: clinical features, treatment, and antibiotic susceptibility of causative isolates.","volume":"162","author":"Aubry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160662","article-title":"Mycolactone subverts immunity by selectively blocking the Sec61 translocon.","volume":"213","author":"Baron","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/372691a0","article-title":"Recognition of a lipid antigen by CD1-restricted alpha beta+ T cells.","volume":"372","author":"Beckman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/83.4.457","article-title":"The histopathology of Mycobacterium marinum synovitis.","volume":"83","author":"Beckman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01903","article-title":"Susceptibility to Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) is associated with IFNG and iNOS gene polymorphisms.","volume":"8","author":"Bibert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004450","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 is a crucial activator of early host immune defense against Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in mice.","volume":"10","author":"Bieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.7b00053","article-title":"The macrolide toxin mycolactone promotes bim-dependent apoptosis in Buruli ulcer through inhibition of mTOR.","volume":"12","author":"Bieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004431","article-title":"Vaccination with the surface proteins MUL_2232 and MUL_3720 of Mycobacterium ulcerans induces antibodies but fails to provide protection against Buruli ulcer.","volume":"10","author":"Bolz","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004678","article-title":"Local cellular immune responses and pathogenesis of Buruli ulcer lesions in the experimental Mycobacterium ulcerans pig infection model.","volume":"10","author":"Bolz","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11114-4_9","article-title":"\u201cBuruli ulcer in animals and experimental infection models,\u201d","author":"Bolz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Buruli Ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002968","article-title":"Experimental infection of the pig with Mycobacterium ulcerans: a novel model for studying the pathogenesis of Buruli ulcer disease.","volume":"8","author":"Bolz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.08.005","article-title":"A Mycobacterium ulcerans toxin, mycolactone, induces apoptosis in primary human keratinocytes and in HaCaT cells.","volume":"12","author":"Bozzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002252","article-title":"Geographic distribution, age pattern and sites of lesions in a cohort of Buruli ulcer patients from the map\u00e9 basin of Cameroon.","volume":"7","author":"Bratschi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01274-12","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of Mycobacterium marinum: new insights into host and environmental specificities.","volume":"50","author":"Broutin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12799","article-title":"Mycobacteria manipulate macrophage recruitment through coordinated use of membrane lipids.","volume":"505","author":"Cambier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004671","article-title":"Genetic variation in autophagy-related genes influences the risk and phenotype of Buruli ulcer.","volume":"10","author":"Capela","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004005","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of Buruli ulcer from Benin (2005-2013): effect of time-delay to diagnosis on clinical forms and severe phenotypes.","volume":"9","author":"Capela","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu021","article-title":"Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on the severity of Buruli ulcer disease: results of a retrospective study in Cameroon.","volume":"1","author":"Christinet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.86.5.1057-1069.1963","article-title":"Effect of environmental temperatures on infection with Mycobacterium marinum (BALNEI) of mice and a number of poikilothermic species.","volume":"86","author":"Clark","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2007.06.004","article-title":"Dichotomous role of the macrophage in early Mycobacterium marinum infection of the zebrafish.","volume":"2","author":"Clay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.06.011","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor signaling mediates resistance to mycobacteria by inhibiting bacterial growth and macrophage death.","volume":"29","author":"Clay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007353","article-title":"Innate antimicrobial immunity in the skin: a protective barrier against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.","volume":"14","author":"Coates","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/31159","article-title":"Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence.","volume":"393","author":"Cole","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.082792","article-title":"Strategies of professional phagocytes in vivo: unlike macrophages, neutrophils engulf only surface-associated microbes.","volume":"124","author":"Colucci-Guyon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000985","article-title":"BCG-mediated protection against Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in the mouse.","volume":"5","author":"Converse","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00546.x","article-title":"Modulation of the host immune response by a transient intracellular stage of Mycobacterium ulcerans: the contribution of endogenous mycolactone toxin.","volume":"7","author":"Coutanceau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004808","article-title":"Antibody-mediated neutralization of the exotoxin mycolactone, the main virulence factor produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans.","volume":"10","author":"Dangy","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(02)00475-2","article-title":"Real-time visualization of mycobacterium-macrophage interactions leading to initiation of granuloma formation in zebrafish embryos.","volume":"17","author":"Davis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.11.014","article-title":"The role of the granuloma in expansion and dissemination of early tuberculous infection.","volume":"136","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01339.x","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: role of age and gender in incidence and morbidity.","volume":"9","author":"Debacker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.050598","article-title":"Risk factors for Buruli ulcer, Benin.","volume":"12","author":"Debacker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00254-06","article-title":"Use of the immunodominant 18-kiloDalton small heat shock protein as a serological marker for exposure to Mycobacterium ulcerans.","volume":"13","author":"Diaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-258","article-title":"On the origin of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer.","volume":"13","author":"Doig","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(99)90181-5","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma secondary to Buruli ulcer.","volume":"93","author":"Evans","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12981","article-title":"Phylogeny to function: PE\/PPE protein evolution and impact on Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity.","volume":"96","author":"Fishbein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033406","article-title":"Cellular immunity confers transient protection in experimental Buruli ulcer following BCG or mycolactone-negative Mycobacterium ulcerans vaccination.","volume":"7","author":"Fraga","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000791","article-title":"A major role for mammals in the ecology of Mycobacterium ulcerans.","volume":"4","author":"Fyfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.182","article-title":"Microbial symbiosis with the innate immune defense system of the skin.","volume":"131","author":"Gallo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5403.854","article-title":"Mycolactone: a polyketide toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence.","volume":"283","author":"George","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.68.2.877-883.2000","article-title":"A Mycobacterium ulcerans toxin, mycolactone, causes apoptosis in guinea pig ulcers and tissue culture cells.","volume":"68","author":"George","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1704-1707.2001","article-title":"Immune response to infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans.","volume":"69","author":"Gooding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST","article-title":"An official ATS\/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases.","volume":"175","author":"Griffith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab0458","article-title":"Shaping mycolactone for therapeutic use against inflammatory disorders.","volume":"7","author":"Guenin-Mace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11114-4_7","article-title":"\u201cMycolactone: more than just a cytotoxin,\u201d","author":"Guenin-Mac\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Buruli Ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI66576","article-title":"Mycolactone activation of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome proteins underpins Buruli ulcer formation.","volume":"123","author":"Guenin-Mac\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004061","article-title":"The pathogenic mechanism of the Mycobacterium ulcerans virulence factor, mycolactone, depends on blockade of protein translocation into the ER.","volume":"10","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004046","article-title":"Recombinant BCG expressing Mycobacterium ulcerans Ag85A imparts enhanced protection against experimental Buruli ulcer.","volume":"9","author":"Hart","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005229","article-title":"Overexpression of a Mycobacterium ulcerans Ag85B-EsxH fusion protein in recombinant BCG improves experimental Buruli ulcer vaccine efficacy.","volume":"10","author":"Hart","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00472-07","article-title":"Independent loss of immunogenic proteins in Mycobacterium ulcerans suggests immune evasion.","volume":"15","author":"Huber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00170","article-title":"T cell responses to mycobacterial glycolipids: on the spectrum of \u201cinnateness.\u201d","volume":"11","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1086\/313972","article-title":"Incubation period and sources of exposure for cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection: case report and review of the literature.","volume":"31","author":"Jernigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0776-8","article-title":"Twenty-eight cases of Mycobacterium marinum infection: retrospective case series and literature review.","volume":"43","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1311.061369","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans in mosquitoes captured during outbreak of Buruli ulcer, southeastern Australia.","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200208160-00027","article-title":"Disseminated Mycobacterium ulcerans disease in an HIV-positive patient: a case study.","volume":"16","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f7690a","article-title":"Association of HIV infection and Mycobacterium ulcerans disease in Benin.","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-7-177","article-title":"Evolution of two distinct phylogenetic lineages of the emerging human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans.","volume":"7","author":"K\u00e4ser","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003279","article-title":"Risk factors for Buruli ulcer in Ghana-a case control study in the suhum-kraboa-coaltar and akuapem South districts of the eastern region.","volume":"8","author":"Kenu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.02.015","article-title":"Trained innate immunity and resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"25","author":"Koeken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/348628","article-title":"Multifocal Buruli ulcer associated with secondary infection in HIV positive patient.","volume":"2013","author":"Komenan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30047-7","article-title":"Rifampicin and clarithromycin (extended release) versus rifampicin and streptomycin for limited Buruli ulcer lesions: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority phase 3 trial.","volume":"395","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.079","article-title":"Protective efficacy of a lipid antigen vaccine in a guinea pig model of tuberculosis.","volume":"35","author":"Larrouy-Maumus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001305","article-title":"Risk of Buruli ulcer and detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in mosquitoes in southeastern Australia.","volume":"5","author":"Lavender","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-06-095398","article-title":"Origins and unconventional behavior of neutrophils in developing zebrafish.","volume":"111","author":"Le Guyader","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01285.x","article-title":"Innate immune responses to Mycobacterium ulcerans via toll-like receptors and dectin-1 in human keratinocytes.","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006323","article-title":"The incubation period of Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) in Victoria, Australia - remains similar despite changing geographic distribution of disease.","volume":"12","author":"Loftus","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-2958-3","article-title":"Risk factors for Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) in Togo - a case-control study in Zio and Yoto districts of the maritime region.","volume":"18","author":"Maman","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw013","article-title":"Clinical features of spontaneous partial healing during Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.","volume":"3","author":"Marion","year":"","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502194","article-title":"FVB\/N mice spontaneously heal ulcerative lesions induced by Mycobacterium ulcerans and switch M. ulcerans into a low mycolactone producer.","volume":"196","author":"Marion","year":"","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.040","article-title":"Mycobacterial toxin induces analgesia in Buruli ulcer by targeting the angiotensin pathways.","volume":"157","author":"Marion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030062","article-title":"Impact of Mycobacterium ulcerans biofilm on transmissibility to ecological niches and Buruli ulcer pathogenesis.","volume":"3","author":"Marsollier","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.70.2.1097-1103.2004","article-title":"Aquatic plants stimulate the growth of and biofilm formation by Mycobacterium ulcerans in axenic culture and harbor these bacteria in the environment.","volume":"70","author":"Marsollier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","article-title":"Trained immunity: a program of innate immune memory in health and disease.","volume":"352","author":"Netea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.04.006","article-title":"Trained immunity: a memory for innate host defense.","volume":"9","author":"Netea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.12.023","article-title":"Characteristics and epidemiological profile of Buruli ulcer in the district of Tiassal\u00e9, south C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire.","volume":"175","author":"N\u2019krumah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007178","article-title":"Spontaneous healing of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease in Australian patients.","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005011","article-title":"Mycolactone-dependent depletion of endothelial cell thrombomodulin is strongly associated with fibrin deposition in Buruli ulcer lesions.","volume":"11","author":"Ogbechi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6299","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6299-6310.2005","article-title":"Infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans induces persistent inflammatory responses in mice.","volume":"73","author":"Oliveira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-006-0201-4","article-title":"Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections.","volume":"25","author":"Petrini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1086\/646615","article-title":"Immunosuppressive signature of cutaneous Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in the peripheral blood of patients with Buruli ulcer disease.","volume":"200","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000663","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans and other mycolactone-producing mycobacteria should be considered a single species.","volume":"4","author":"Pidot","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11114-4","author":"Pluschke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Buruli Ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05177-0","article-title":"Insects in the transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.","volume":"353","author":"Portaels","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1086\/429623","article-title":"Risk factors for Buruli ulcer disease (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection): results from a case-control study in Ghana.","volume":"40","author":"Raghunathan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3211","article-title":"Revisiting the role of the granuloma in tuberculosis.","volume":"12","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6111-1_13","article-title":"Looking within the zebrafish to understand the tuberculous granuloma","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"The New Paradigm of Immunity to Tuberculosis Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5470.1436","article-title":"Granuloma-specific expression of mycobacterium virulence proteins from the glycine-rich PE-PGRS family.","volume":"288","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6037","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00970-06","article-title":"Globally distributed mycobacterial fish pathogens produce a novel plasmid-encoded toxic macrolide, mycolactone F.","volume":"74","author":"Ranger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92005-9","article-title":"A controlled trial of the treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection with clofazimine.","volume":"2","author":"Revill","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63343-0","article-title":"Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii sp. nov., a slowly growing chromogenic species isolated from Chesapeake Bay striped bass (Morone saxatilis).","volume":"55","author":"Rhodes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-015-0013-3","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer): potential reservoirs and vectors.","volume":"2","author":"R\u00f6ltgen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004767","article-title":"Spatial distribution of Mycobacterium ulcerans in Buruli ulcer lesions: implications for laboratory diagnosis.","volume":"10","author":"Ruf","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001252","article-title":"Secondary Buruli ulcer skin lesions emerging several months after completion of chemotherapy: paradoxical reaction or evidence for immune protection?","volume":"5","author":"Ruf","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1370530","article-title":"Infiltrating leukocytes surround early Buruli ulcer lesions, but are unable to reach the mycolactone producing mycobacteria.","volume":"8","author":"Ruf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002101","article-title":"Microbiological, histological, immunological, and toxin response to antibiotic treatment in the mouse model of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease.","volume":"7","author":"Sarfo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002143","article-title":"Structure-activity relationship studies on the macrolide exotoxin mycolactone of Mycobacterium ulcerans.","volume":"7","author":"Scherr","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000002","article-title":"Development of highly organized lymphoid structures in Buruli ulcer lesions after treatment with Rifampicin and streptomycin.","volume":"1","author":"Sch\u00fctte","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08879.x","article-title":"Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the course of Rifampicin and streptomycin chemotherapy in Buruli ulcer lesions.","volume":"160","author":"Sch\u00fctte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00827-15","article-title":"A duplicated ESAT-6 region of ESX-5 is involved in protein export and virulence of mycobacteria.","volume":"83","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ937","article-title":"Clinical and pathological evaluation of Mycobacterium marinum group skin infections associated with fish markets in New York city.","volume":"62","author":"Sia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70234-8","article-title":"Pathogenetic mechanisms of the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium ulcerans leading to Buruli ulcer.","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004265","article-title":"Spontaneous healing of Mycobacterium ulcerans lesions in the guinea pig model.","volume":"9","author":"Silva-Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(76)90128-0","article-title":"The protective effect of BCG against Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: a controlled trial in an endemic area of Uganda.","volume":"70","author":"Smith","year":"1976","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364281","article-title":"Susceptibility to Buruli ulcer is associated with the SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) D543N polymorphism.","volume":"7","author":"Stienstra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.075069.107","article-title":"Insights from the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium marinum on the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"18","author":"Stinear","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.5942807","article-title":"Reductive evolution and niche adaptation inferred from the genome of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer.","volume":"17","author":"Stinear","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01264.x","article-title":"First report of a mycolactone-producing mycobacterium infection in fish agriculture in Belgium.","volume":"286","author":"Stragier","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6108","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00887-06","article-title":"Mycobacterium marinum infection of adult zebrafish causes caseating granulomatous tuberculosis and is moderated by adaptive immunity.","volume":"74","author":"Swaim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)91133-7","article-title":"BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer): first results of a trial in Uganda.","volume":"293","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2016.1187067","article-title":"Innate signaling by mycobacterial cell wall components and relevance for development of adjuvants for subunit vaccines.","volume":"15","author":"Tima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051686","article-title":"The Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE proteins Rv0285 and Rv1386 modulate innate immunity and mediate bacillary survival in macrophages.","volume":"7","author":"Tiwari","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01133.x","article-title":"Comparative pathogenesis of Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"10","author":"Tobin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00889-06","article-title":"Evidence for an intramacrophage growth phase of Mycobacterium ulcerans.","volume":"75","author":"Torrado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B114","first-page":"1109","article-title":"The histopathologic spectrum in Mycobacterium marinum infection.","volume":"109","author":"Travis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B115","first-page":"309","article-title":"Characterization of a Mycobacterium ulcerans-like infection in a colony of African tropical clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis).","volume":"54","author":"Trott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6306","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6306-6312.2004","article-title":"Mycobacterium marinum strains can be divided into two distinct types based on genetic diversity and virulence.","volume":"72","author":"van der Sar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020367","article-title":"Tuberculous granuloma formation is enhanced by a mycobacterium virulence determinant.","volume":"2","author":"Volkman","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005553","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans low infectious dose and mechanical transmission support insect bites and puncturing injuries in the spread of Buruli ulcer.","volume":"11","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B119","author":"Westerfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Zebrafish Book: A Guide for the Laboratory Use of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002770","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans fails to infect through skin abrasions in a guinea pig infection model: implications for transmission.","volume":"8","author":"Williamson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B121","year":"2004","journal-title":"Provisional Guidance on the Role of Specific Antibiotics in the Management of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease (Buruli ulcer)."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.07.009","article-title":"Neutrophils exert protection in the early tuberculous granuloma by oxidative killing of mycobacteria phagocytosed from infected macrophages.","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001460","article-title":"Sero-epidemiology as a tool to screen populations for exposure to Mycobacterium ulcerans.","volume":"6","author":"Yeboah-Manu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01442-06","article-title":"Evolution of Mycobacterium ulcerans and other mycolactone-producing mycobacteria from a common Mycobacterium marinum progenitor.","volume":"189","author":"Yip","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01018\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T04:31:07Z","timestamp":1590381067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01018\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]]},"references-count":124,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]]},"article-number":"1018"}}