{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:01:01Z","timestamp":1781100061682,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>At the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Savannah River Site (SRS) in Aiken, SC, cooling tower water is routinely monitored for <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic> concentrations using a direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) technique. Historically, 25\u201330 operating SRS cooling towers have varying concentrations of <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> in all seasons of the year, with patterns that are unpredictable. Legionellosis, or Legionnaires\u2019 disease (LD), is a pneumonia caused by <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> bacteria that thrive both in man-made water distribution systems and natural surface waters including lakes, streams, and wet soil. Legionnaires\u2019 disease is typically contracted by inhaling <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>, most often in aerosolized mists that contain the bacteria. At the SRS, <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> is typically found in cooling towers ranging from non-detectable up to 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> cells\/L in cooling tower water systems. Extreme weather conditions contributed to elevations in <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> to 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\u201310<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> cells\/L in SRS cooling tower water systems in July\u2013August 2017. <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> concentrations in Cooling Tower 785-A\/2A located in SRS A-Area, stayed in the 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> cells\/L range despite biocide addition. During this time, other SRS cooling towers did not demonstrate this <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> increase. No significant difference was observed in the mean <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> mean concentrations for the towers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). There was a significant variance observed in the 285-2A\/A Tower <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> results (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Looking to see if we could find \u201ceffects\u201d led to model development by analyzing 13 months of water chemistry and microbial data for the main factors influencing the <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> concentrations in five cooling towers for this year. It indicated chlorine and dissolved oxygen had a significant impact (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0002) on cooling tower 785A\/2A. Thus, while the variation in the log count data for the A-area tower is statistically greater than that of the other four towers, the average of the log count data for the A-Area tower was in line with that of the other towers. It was also observed that the location of 785A\/2A and basin resulted in more debris entering the system during storm events. Our results suggest that future analyses should evaluate the impact of environmental conditions and cooling tower design on <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> water concentrations and human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.543589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T05:20:50Z","timestamp":1607577650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Impact of Storms on Legionella pneumophila in Cooling Tower Water, Implications for Human Health"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Robin L.","family":"Brigmon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Turick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna S.","family":"Knox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney E.","family":"Burckhalter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115370","article-title":"Community-acquired Legionnaires\u2019 disease associated with a cooling tower: evidence for longer-distance transport of Legionella pneumophila.","volume":"130","author":"Addiss","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.9.1775-1778.1988","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of the Du Pont radioimmunoassay kit for detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigenuria in humans.","volume":"26","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-018-0024-8","article-title":"Chlorination disadvantages and alternative routes for biofouling control in reverse osmosis desalination.","volume":"2","author":"Al-Abri1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clean Water"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115496","article-title":"A valuable experimental setup to model exposure to Legionella\u2019s aerosols generated by shower-like systems.","volume":"172","author":"Allegra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.01.004","article-title":"Impact of the Legionella urinary antigen test on epidemiological trends in community outbreaks of legionellosis in Catalonia, Spain. 1990-2004.","volume":"13","author":"Alvarez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.1999.00046.x","article-title":"Legionella: from environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control.","volume":"1","author":"Atlas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s002840010133","article-title":"Routine sampling and the control of Legionella spp. in cooling tower water systems.","volume":"41","author":"Bentham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800056995","article-title":"A model for autumn outbreaks of Legionnaires\u2019 disease associated with cooling towers, linked to system operation and size.","volume":"111","author":"Bentham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/141.5.689","article-title":"Survival of Legionella pneumophila in aerosols: effect of relative humidity.","volume":"141","author":"Berendt","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7440","DOI":"10.1021\/es0604257","article-title":"Occurrence of infected amoebae in cooling towers compared with natural aquatic environments: implications for emerging pathogens.","volume":"40","author":"Berk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.64.1.279-286.1998","article-title":"Production of respirable vesicles containing live Legionella pneumophila cells by two Acanthamoeba spp.","volume":"64","author":"Berk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.3.478-482.1984","article-title":"Detection of Soluble Legionella pneumophila antigens in serum and urine specimens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.","volume":"20","author":"Bibb","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.50.5.1128-1131.1985","article-title":"Aerosols containing Legionella pneumophila generated by shower heads and hot-water faucets.","volume":"50","author":"Bollin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.2.353","article-title":"A community outbreak of Legionnaires\u2019 disease linked to hospital cooling towers: an epidemiological method to calculate dose of exposure.","volume":"28","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00213","article-title":"Evaluation and detection of Legionella spp. in water samples by fluorescence in situ hybridization, PCR amplification and bacterial culture.","volume":"292","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intern. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765x.2009.02750.x","article-title":"Legionella in industrial cooling towers: monitoring and control strategies.","volume":"50","author":"Carducci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00604-08","article-title":"Specific detection of viable Legionella cells by combined use of photoactivated ethidium monoazide and PCR\/Real-time PCR.","volume":"75","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"22","article-title":"Assessing risk of Legionella.","volume":"46","author":"Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"ASHRAE J."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.2.663-671.2005","article-title":"Presence and persistence of Legionella spp. in groundwater.","volume":"71","author":"Costa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06555.x","article-title":"SpoT governs Legionella pneumophila differentiation in host macrophages.","volume":"71","author":"Dalebroux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108721","article-title":"Legionella and legionellosis in touristic-recreational facilities: influence of climate factors and geostatistical analysis in Southern Italy (2001\u20132017).","volume":"178","author":"De Giglio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.02025.x","article-title":"Biofilms: the environmental playground of Legionella pneumophila.","volume":"12","author":"Declerck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm198002143020703","article-title":"An outbreak of Legionnaires\u2019 disease associated with a contaminated air-conditioning cooling tower.","volume":"302","author":"Dondero","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1017\/s095026881200101x","article-title":"Meteorological conditions and incidence of Legionnaires\u2019 disease in Glasgow, Scotland: application of statistical modelling.","volume":"141","author":"Dunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03932.x","article-title":"Detection of culturable and nonculturable Legionella species from hot water systems of public buildings in Japan.","volume":"105","author":"Edagawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.11.2455-2458.1989","article-title":"Evaluation of the Merifluor-Legionella immunofluorescent reagent for identifying and detecting 21 Legionella species.","volume":"27","author":"Edelstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010225","article-title":"Emerging waterborne infections in health-care settings.","volume":"7","author":"Emmerson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.15.3.506-526.2002","article-title":"Legionella and Legionnaires\u2019 disease: 25 years of investigation.","volume":"15","author":"Fields","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351073981-6","article-title":"Ecological niche of Legionella pneumophila","author":"Fliermans","year":"1985","journal-title":"Critical Reviews of Microbiology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01776-19","article-title":"Solar and climate effects explain the wide variation in Legionellosis incidence rates in the united states.","volume":"85","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0987-947","article-title":"Viable Legionella pneumophila not detectable by culture on agar media.","volume":"5","author":"Hussong","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biotechnology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-4878(00)00068-5","article-title":"Sampling and detection of Legionella pneumophila aerosols generated from an industrial cooling tower.","volume":"54","author":"Ishimatsu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6102","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01672-16","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 2 to 14 isolates from water samples by amplified fragment length polymorphism and sequence-based typing and detection of virulence traits.","volume":"82","author":"Katsiaflaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1016\/s0043-1354(02)00188-4","article-title":"Literature review\u2014efficacy of various disinfectants against Legionella in water systems.","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1997.00151.x","article-title":"Efficacy of three prevention strategies against Legionella in cooling water systems.","volume":"82","author":"Kusnetsov","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1185769","article-title":"The distribution of Legionella pneumophila in a hospital water system.","volume":"22","author":"Lagan\u00e0","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04208.x","article-title":"The role of biofilms and protozoa in Legionella pathogenesis: implications for drinking water.","volume":"107","author":"Lau","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.37.8.2652-2655.1999","article-title":"Single clonal origin of a high proportion of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates from patients and the environment in the Area of Paris, France, over a 10-year period.","volume":"37","author":"Lawrence","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05345.x","article-title":"Automated dead-end ultrafiltration of large volume water samples to enable detection of low-level targets and reduce sample variability.","volume":"113","author":"Leskinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020035","article-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 disease at a dutch flower show: prognostic factors and impact of therapy.","volume":"8","author":"Lettinga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1980.tb18907.x","article-title":"Legionellosis: environmental aspects.","volume":"353","author":"Mallison","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. NY. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03873-15","article-title":"Control of Legionella contamination and risk of corrosion in hospital water networks following various disinfection procedures.","volume":"82","author":"Marchesi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.154.21.2417","article-title":"Surveillance for Legionnaires\u2019 disease. Risk factors for morbidity and mortality.","volume":"154","author":"Marston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.016089-0","article-title":"Isolation of Legionella rubrilucens from a pneumonia patient co-infected with Legionella pneumophila.","volume":"59","author":"Matsui","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","article-title":"Impact of Amoebae, Bacteria, and Tetrahymena on Legionella pneumophila multiplication and distribution in an aquatic environment","author":"McNealy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Legionella"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02261-10","article-title":"Specific Real-Time PCR for simultaneous detection and identification of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 in water and clinical samples.","volume":"77","author":"Me\u2032rault","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","first-page":"700","article-title":"Legionella prevalence in cooling towers: association with specific biocide treatments.","volume":"112","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"ASHRAE Trans."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2019.12.016","article-title":"Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups in patients with culture-confirmed Legionella pneumonia.","volume":"26","author":"Miyashita","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1086\/498575","article-title":"A community-wide outbreak of legionnaires disease linked to industrial cooling towers\u2013how far can contaminated aerosols spread?","volume":"193","author":"Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.45.4.1254-1260.1983","article-title":"Susceptibility of algae and Legionella pneumophila to cooling tower biocides.","volume":"45","author":"Orrison","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136131","article-title":"Impact of temperature on Legionella pneumophila, its protozoan host cells, and the microbial diversity of the biolm community of a pilot cooling tower.","volume":"7","author":"Paniagua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Tot. Environ."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115252","article-title":"Presence of Legionella spp. in cooling towers: the role of microbial diversity, Pseudomonas, and continuous chlorine application.","volume":"169","author":"Paranjape","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8201","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00188-10","article-title":"High diversity and abundance of Legionella spp. in a 1 pristine river and the impact of seasonal and anthropogenic effects.","volume":"76","author":"Parthuisot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0229-6","article-title":"Diagnostic testing for Legionnaires\u2019 disease.","volume":"16","author":"Pierre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115505","article-title":"Bacterial community dynamics and disinfection impact in cooling water systems.","volume":"172","author":"Pinel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wat. Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.090317","article-title":"Legionella pneumophila in rainwater on roads.","volume":"15","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01460.x","article-title":"Genotypic variability and persistence of Legionella pneumophila PFGE patterns in 34 cooling towers from two different areas.","volume":"10","author":"Sanchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01570202","article-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 disease outbreaks and cooling towers with amplified Legionella concentrations.","volume":"28","author":"Shelton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1202\/0002-8894(2000)061<0738:ROLD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Review of Legionnaires\u2019 disease.","volume":"61","author":"Shelton","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIHA J."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2311.170137","article-title":"Weather-dependent risk for Legionnaires\u2019 disease, United States.","volume":"23","author":"Simmering","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010332","article-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 disease cases at a large community hospital\u2014common and underdiagnosed.","volume":"17","author":"Spiegelman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-313","article-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 disease from a cooling tower in a community outbreak in Lidk\u00f6ping, Sweden- epidemiological, environmental and microbiological investigation supported by meteorological modelling.","volume":"12","author":"Ulleryd","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01751-9","article-title":"Investigation of atmospheric conditions fostering the spreading of Legionnaires\u2019 disease in outbreaks related to cooling towers.","volume":"63","author":"Villanueva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.49.5.1197-1205.1985","article-title":"Effect of temperature, pH, and oxygen level on the multiplication of naturally occurring Legionella pneumophila in potable water.","volume":"49","author":"Wadowsky","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/463926","article-title":"A cluster of Legionnaires\u2019 disease and associated pontiac fever morbidity in office workers, dublin, June-July 2008.","volume":"2010","author":"Ward","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public Health"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.67.9.3985-3993.2001","article-title":"Detection of Legionellae in hospital water samples by quantitative real-time lightCycler PCR.","volume":"67","author":"Wellinghausen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02760-07","article-title":"Dynamics of Legionella spp., and bacterial populations during the proliferation of L. pneumophila in a cooling tower facility.","volume":"74","author":"Wery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00501","article-title":"Uncertainties associated with assessing the public health risk from Legionella.","volume":"24","author":"Whiley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1730","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718679115","article-title":"Assessment of the Legionnaires\u2019 disease outbreak in Flint, Michigan.","volume":"115","author":"Zahran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.543589\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T05:20:54Z","timestamp":1607577654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.543589\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2020.543589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.543589","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"article-number":"543589"}}