{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T08:04:08Z","timestamp":1793865848536,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas disease (CD) is a tropical and still neglected disease caused by<jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>that affects &amp;gt;8 million of people worldwide. Although limited, emerging data suggest that gut microbiota dysfunction may be a new mechanism underlying CD pathogenesis.<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>infection leads to changes in the gut microbiota composition of vector insects, mice, and humans. Alterations in insect and mice microbiota due to<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>have been associated with a decreased immune response against the parasite, influencing the establishment and progression of infection. Further, changes in the gut microbiota are linked with inflammatory and neuropsychiatric disorders, comorbid conditions in CD. Therefore, this review article critically analyses the current data on CD and the gut microbiota of insects, mice, and humans and discusses its importance for CD pathogenesis. An enhanced understanding of host microbiota will be critical for the development of alternative therapeutic approaches to target CD, such as gut microbiota-directed interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T04:50:24Z","timestamp":1607575824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Targeting the Gut Microbiota in Chagas Disease: What Do We Know so Far?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Duarte-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia H.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Savino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.08.006","article-title":"Understanding CD8+ T Cell Immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi and How to Improve It.","volume":"35","author":"Acosta Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.09.011","article-title":"Gut microbiota and parasite transmission by insect vectors.","volume":"21","author":"Azambuja","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"491","article-title":"The acute phase of experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi is more severe in mice monoassociated with strict anaerobic bacteria.","volume":"25","author":"Barros","year":"1992","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.049","article-title":"Activation of PPAR \u03b3 and \u03b4 by conjugated linoleic acid mediates protection from experimental inflammatory bowel disease.","volume":"127","author":"Bassaganya-Riera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2016.16301","article-title":"Efficacy of synbiotic, probiotic, and prebiotic treatments for irritable bowel syndrome in children: A randomized controlled trial.","volume":"27","author":"Ba\u015fturk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.149","article-title":"Microbial modulation of cardiovascular disease.","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3535","article-title":"Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens.","volume":"13","author":"Buffie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2015.02.001","article-title":"Microbiota regulation of the Mammalian gut-brain axis.","volume":"91","author":"Burokas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036591","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi immune response modulation decreases microbiota in rhodnius prolixus gut and is crucial for parasite survival and development.","volume":"7","author":"Castro","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1590\/s0074-02761909000200008","article-title":"Nova tripanozomiaze humana: estudos sobre a morfolojia e o ciclo evolutivo do Schizotrypanum cruzi n. gen., n. sp., ajente etiolojico de nova entidade morbida do homem.","volume":"1","author":"Chagas","year":"1909","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121341","article-title":"A novel prebiotic blend product prevents irritable bowel syndrome in mice by improving gut microbiota and modulating immune response.","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.09.006","article-title":"Native microbiota shape insect vector competence for human pathogens.","volume":"10","author":"Cirimotich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09220","article-title":"Chagas disease 101.","volume":"465","author":"Clayton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03205","article-title":"In vitro trypanocidal activity, genomic analysis of isolates, and in vivo transcription of Type VI secretion system of serratia marcescens belonging to the microbiota of rhodnius prolixus digestive tract.","volume":"9","author":"Da Mota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0657","article-title":"Parasite-vector interaction of chagas disease: A mini-review.","volume":"98","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/295394","article-title":"Review on Trypanosoma cruzi: Host cell interaction.","volume":"2010","author":"De Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00402","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis in Chagas Disease. A Possible Link to the Pathogenesis.","author":"De Souza-Basqueira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1926-2","article-title":"Triatomine bugs, their microbiota and Trypanosoma cruzi: Asymmetric responses of bacteria to an infected blood meal.","volume":"9","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.49.061802.123416","article-title":"The gut bacteria of insects: nonpathogenic interactions.","volume":"49","author":"Dillon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gut Feelings on Parkinson\u2019s and Depression.","volume":"2017","author":"Dinan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebrum"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3552","article-title":"Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota.","volume":"14","author":"Donaldson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45657-0","article-title":"Influence of normal microbiota on some aspects of the immune response during experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in mice.","volume":"53","author":"Duarte","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.06.002","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: Influence of predominant bacteria from indigenous digestive microbiota on experimental infection in mice.","volume":"111","author":"Duarte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.115642","article-title":"Conjugated Linoleic Acid Ameliorates Inflammation-Induced Colorectal Cancer in Mice through Activation of PPAR\u03b3.","volume":"140","author":"Evans","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3503","article-title":"Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation.","volume":"80","author":"Falony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.037","article-title":"Signaling in Host-Associated Microbial Communities.","volume":"2","author":"Fischbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15001","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics in irritable bowel syndrome.","volume":"48","author":"Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.08.020","article-title":"The Key Role of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria in the Coordinated Maturation of Gut Helper T Cell Responses.","volume":"31","author":"Gaboriau-Routhiau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.07.003","article-title":"Interactions between intestinal compounds of triatomines and Trypanosoma cruzi.","volume":"26","author":"Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2006.10.006","article-title":"Exploring the role of insect host factors in the dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi-Rhodnius prolixus interactions.","volume":"53","author":"Garcia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"139","article-title":"The inoculation of Lactobacillus casei in NIH mice induces a protective response against Trypanosoma cruzi (Ninoa strain) infection.","volume":"39","author":"Garfias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.07.019","article-title":"Chagas disease in Spain, the United States and other non-endemic countries.","volume":"115","author":"Gascon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3010014","article-title":"Metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids by the gut microbiota.","volume":"2013","author":"G\u00e9rard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00265","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis in infant mice alters peripheral CD8+ T cell receptor signaling.","volume":"8","author":"Gonzalez-Perez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074957","article-title":"Bacterial Community Mapping of the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract.","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223490","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system.","volume":"80","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2895","article-title":"A complex microworld in the gut: Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease connectivity.","volume":"18","author":"Howitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-73722005000100016","article-title":"Revis\u00e3o: aspectos cognitivos e psicossociais associados a Doen\u00e7a de Chagas.","volume":"10","author":"Hueb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psicol. em Estud."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213371.79300.a8","article-title":"The enteric nervous system in Chagasic and idiopathic megacolon.","volume":"31","author":"Iantorno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.02965.x","article-title":"Metabolic, mental health, behavioural and socioeconomic characteristics of migrants with Chagas disease in a non-endemic country.","volume":"17","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12235","article-title":"Chagas disease in Australia and New Zealand: Risks and needs for public health interventions.","volume":"19","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272980","article-title":"Decoding host\u2013microbiota communication in the gut \u2013 now we\u2019re flying!","volume":"595","author":"Keely","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01835","article-title":"The human gut microbiome - A potential controller of wellness and disease.","volume":"9","author":"Kho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.056","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells to promote inflammatory responses in mice.","volume":"145","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis.","volume":"19","author":"Koeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195073133.003.0003","article-title":"Ch. 3. Competence of ticks as vectors of microbial agents with an emphasis on Borrelia burgdorferi","author":"Lane","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ecological Dynamics of Tick-borne Zoonoses"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70002-1","article-title":"Global economic burden of Chagas disease: A computational simulation model.","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1195568","article-title":"Has the microbiota played a critical role in the evolution of the adaptive immune system?","volume":"80","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0278-4","article-title":"The role of the microbiota in infectious diseases.","volume":"4","author":"Libertucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00166","article-title":"Chagas Disease: From Discovery to a Worldwide Health Problem.","volume":"7","author":"Lidani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Public Heal."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32860-x","article-title":"Regulation of the effector function of CD8+ T cells by gut microbiota-derived metabolite butyrate.","volume":"8","author":"Luu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7734","article-title":"Metabolite-sensing receptors GPR43 and GPR109A facilitate dietary fibre-induced gut homeostasis through regulation of the inflammasome.","volume":"6","author":"Macia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"325","article-title":"Depress\u00e3o e doen\u00e7a de Chagas TT - Depression and Chagas disease.","volume":"9","author":"Marchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Cl\u00edn. M\u00e9d."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00183.x","article-title":"Generation, specificity, and function of CD8+ T cells in Trypanosoma cruzi infection.","volume":"2004","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3299-14.2014","article-title":"Gut microbes and the brain: Paradigm shift in neuroscience.","volume":"2014","author":"Mayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.007","article-title":"An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system.","volume":"2005","author":"Mazmanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006344","article-title":"Experimental Chagas disease-induced perturbations of the fecal microbiome and metabolome.","volume":"12","author":"McCall","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"255","article-title":"Chagas\u2019 disease: a model of denervation in the study of digestive tract motility.","volume":"18","author":"Meneghelli","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brazilian J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.610733","article-title":"A gut microbial metabolite of linoleic acid, 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid, ameliorates intestinal epithelial barrier impairment partially via GPR40-MEK-ERK pathway.","volume":"2015","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.07.044","article-title":"The Effect of Microbiota and the Immune System on the Development and Organization of the Enteric Nervous System.","volume":"151","author":"Obata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1975-8","article-title":"Neuronal programming by microbiota regulates intestinal physiology.","volume":"578","author":"Obata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370219900898","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids and methylamines produced by gut microbiota as mediators and markers in the circulatory system.","volume":"245","author":"Onyszkiewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9726-1","article-title":"Quality of life and depressive symptoms in Chagas disease patients.","volume":"20","author":"Ozaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e329","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00329-13","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of Rhodococcus rhodnii strain LMG5362, a symbiont of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae), the principle vector of Trypanosoma cruzi.","volume":"1","author":"Pachebat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31612-4","article-title":"Seminar Chagas disease.","volume":"2018","author":"P\u00e9rez-Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00065-2","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Chagas disease.","volume":"1","author":"Prata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014","article-title":"What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases.","volume":"7","author":"Rinninella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212593","article-title":"The fecal, oral, and skin microbiota of children with Chagas disease treated with benznidazole.","volume":"14","author":"Robello","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742758411000014","article-title":"Identifying triatomine symbiont Rhodococcus rhodnii as intestinal bacteria from Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) laboratory insects.","volume":"2011","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2000689","article-title":"The enteric nervous system promotes intestinal health by constraining microbiota composition.","volume":"15","author":"Rolig","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.10.002","article-title":"Feeding the microbiota-gut-brain axis: diet, microbiome, and neuropsychiatry.","volume":"179","author":"Sandhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.011","article-title":"The future of Chagas disease control.","volume":"22","author":"Schofield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","article-title":"Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body.","volume":"14","author":"Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.027","article-title":"The Central Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome.","volume":"167","author":"Sharon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0370-3","article-title":"May the Force Be With You: The Light and Dark Sides of the Microbiota\u2013Gut\u2013Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatry.","volume":"30","author":"Sherwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651987000500004","article-title":"American trypanosomiasis (Chagas\u2019 disease) in conventional and germfree rats and mice.","volume":"29","author":"Silva","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic T reg cell homeostasis.","volume":"80","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0198-2016","article-title":"Evaluating respiratory musculature, quality of life, anxiety, and depression among patients with indeterminate chronic Chagas disease and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension.","volume":"50","author":"Suman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0878-z","article-title":"A defined commensal consortium elicits CD8 T cells and anti-cancer immunity.","volume":"565","author":"Tanoue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003358","article-title":"Genetically Modifying the Insect Gut Microbiota to Control Chagas Disease Vectors through Systemic RNAi.","volume":"9","author":"Taracena","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/610769","article-title":"Probiotics for the Control of Parasites: An Overview.","volume":"2011","author":"Travers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619862721","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Gelsectan for diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: A randomised, crossover clinical trial.","volume":"7","author":"Trifan","year":"2019","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1398-4","article-title":"Impact of Trypanosoma cruzi on antimicrobial peptide gene expression and activity in the fat body and midgut of Rhodnius prolixus.","volume":"9","author":"Vieira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150300","article-title":"Behavioural alterations are independent of sickness behaviour in chronic experimental Chagas disease.","volume":"110","author":"Vilar-Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.05.001","article-title":"Microbiome influences on insect host vector competence.","volume":"27","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B87","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbial Inhabitants of Humans: Their Ecology and Role in Health and Disease."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0296-x","article-title":"Microbial metabolism of dietary components to bioactive metabolites: Opportunities for new therapeutic interventions.","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585857\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T20:19:29Z","timestamp":1724012369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585857\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585857","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"article-number":"585857"}}