{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:40:21Z","timestamp":1785307221333,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication after a joint replacement. PJI and its treatment have a high monetary cost, morbidity, and mortality. The lack of success treating PJI with conventional antibiotics alone is related to the presence of bacterial biofilm on medical implants. Consequently, surgical removal of the implant and prolonged intravenous antibiotics to eradicate the infection are necessary prior to re-implanting a new prosthetic joint. Growing clinical data shows that bacterial predators, called bacteriophages (phages), could be an alternative treatment strategy or prophylactic approach for PJI. Phages could further be exploited to degrade biofilms, making bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics and enabling potential combinatorial therapies. Emerging research suggests that phages may also directly interact with the innate immune response. Phage therapy may play an important, and currently understudied, role in the clearance of PJI, and has the potential to treat thousands of patients who would either have to undergo revision surgery to attempt to clear an infections, take antibiotics for a prolonged period to try and suppress the re-emerging infection, or potentially risk losing a limb.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.591021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T06:55:12Z","timestamp":1608533712000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Rationale for Using Bacteriophage to Treat and Prevent Periprosthetic Joint Infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jonas D.","family":"Van Belleghem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Manasherob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Mi\u0229dzybrodzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Rog\u00f3\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"G\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina A.","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul L.","family":"Bollyky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek F.","family":"Amanatullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60785-X","article-title":"Tailed bacteriophages: the order caudovirales.","volume":"51","author":"Ackermann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-164-6","article-title":"Phage classification and characterization","author":"Ackermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols, Volume 1: Isolation, Characterization, and Interactions"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1071\/MA11090","article-title":"Bacteriophage taxonomy.","volume":"32","author":"Ackermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol. Aust."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"58","article-title":"The treatment of osteomyelitis by bacteriophage.","volume":"15","author":"Albee","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(98)92874-2","article-title":"Bacteriophages show promise as antimicrobial agents.","volume":"36","author":"Alisky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2014.05.012","article-title":"Non-oncologic total femoral arthroplasty?: retrospective review.","volume":"29","author":"Amanatullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Arthroplasty"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.05.031","article-title":"Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus implant infections. A review of molecular mechanisms and implications for biofilm-resistant materials.","volume":"33","author":"Arciola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1086\/650756","article-title":"Risk factors for subsequent diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection.","volume":"31","author":"Aslam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02750-15","article-title":"Regulatory mutations impacting antibiotic susceptibility in an established staphylococcus aureus biofilm.","volume":"60","author":"Atwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2174\/138920108785161604","article-title":"The use of phages for the removal of infectious biofilms.","volume":"9","author":"Azeredo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.13.093773","article-title":"PHERI\u2013phage host exploration tool.","author":"Bal\u00e1\u017e","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01400.x","article-title":"Management of infections of osteoarticular prosthesis.","volume":"12","author":"Barber\u00e1n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679108994458","article-title":"The infected knee arthroplasty: a 6-year follow-up of 357 cases.","volume":"62","author":"Bengtson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1086\/514991","article-title":"Risk factors for prosthetic joint infection: case\u2212control study.","volume":"27","author":"Berbari","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1086\/648676","article-title":"Dental procedures as risk factors for prosthetic hip or knee infection: a hospital\u2212based prospective case\u2212control study.","volume":"50","author":"Berbari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B11.22026","article-title":"Two-stage revision arthroplasty of the hip for infection using an interim articulated Prostalac hip spacer: a 10- to 15-year follow-up study.","volume":"91","author":"Biring","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Ser B"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24060","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of prosthetic joint infection after total hip or knee replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"59","author":"Bongartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"746","author":"Calendar","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Bacteriophages"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa705","article-title":"Phage therapy for limb-threatening prosthetic knee Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: Case report and in vitro characterization of anti-biofilm activity.","author":"Cano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011720","article-title":"Bacteriophage-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mutant confers broad immunity against staphylococcal infection in mice.","volume":"5","author":"Capparelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"267","article-title":"Phage therapy: past history and future prospects.","volume":"47","author":"Carlton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00335-13","article-title":"Rapid molecular microbiologic diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection.","volume":"51","author":"Cazanave","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394805-2.00001-4","article-title":"Phage therapy pharmacology. Phage cocktails.","volume":"78","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26717","article-title":"Phage selection restores antibiotic sensitivity in MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2007.12.018","article-title":"Hematogenous infection of a total knee arthroplasty with Klebsiella pneumoniae in association with occult adenocarcinoma of the cecum.","volume":"24","author":"Chodos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Arthroplasty"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03333.x","article-title":"Early prosthetic joint infection: outcomes with debridement and implant retention followed by antibiotic therapy.","volume":"17","author":"Cobo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01209","article-title":"Adapting drug approval pathways for bacteriophage-based therapeutics.","volume":"7","author":"Cooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.437","article-title":"Interaction of bacteriophages with the immune system: induction of bacteriophage-specific antibodies.","volume":"1693","author":"Da\u0327browska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21572","article-title":"Phage therapy: what factors shape phage pharmacokinetics and bioavailability? Systematic and critical review.","volume":"39","author":"Da\u0327browska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100247","article-title":"The challenge of treating biofilm-associated bacterial infections.","volume":"82","author":"del Pozo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002","article-title":"Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms.","volume":"15","author":"Donlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.030932-0","article-title":"Role of persister cells in chronic infections: clinical relevance and perspectives on anti-persister therapies.","volume":"60","author":"Fauvart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky263","article-title":"Innovations for the treatment of a complex bone and joint infection due to XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa including local application of a selected cocktail of bacteriophages.","volume":"73","author":"Ferry","year":"","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy269","article-title":"Salvage debridement, antibiotics and implant retention (\u201cdair\u201d) with local injection of a selected cocktail of bacteriophages: is it an option for an elderly patient with relapsing staphylococcus aureus prosthetic-joint infection?","volume":"5","author":"Ferry","year":"","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2014.966290","article-title":"The role of microbial biofilms in prosthetic joint infections: a review.","volume":"86","author":"Gbejuade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Orthop."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.17.00120","article-title":"Risk reduction compared with access to care?: index eligibility criterion for joint replacement.","volume":"100","author":"Giori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.008","article-title":"Expansion of bacteriophages is linked to aggravated intestinal inflammation and colitis.","volume":"25","author":"Gogokhia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2174\/138920110790725348","article-title":"Designing phage therapeutics.","volume":"11","author":"Goodridge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2016.01515","article-title":"Phage therapy: combating infections with potential for evolving from merely a treatment for complications to targeting diseases.","volume":"7","author":"Gorski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuv038","article-title":"Quorum quenching: role in nature and applied developments.","volume":"40","author":"Grandcl\u00e9ment","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031698","article-title":"A method for generation phage cocktail with great therapeutic potential.","volume":"7","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2746-2753.2001","article-title":"Reduction in exopolysaccharide viscosity as an aid to bacteriophage penetration through Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.","volume":"67","author":"Hanlon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14802","article-title":"Mammalian Host-Versus-Phage immune response determines phage fate in vivo.","volume":"5","author":"Hodyra-Stefaniak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2164(10)70007-1","article-title":"Bacteriophage host range and bacterial resistance.","volume":"70","author":"Hyman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.12.012","article-title":"Biomaterials approaches to treating implant-associated osteomyelitis.","volume":"81","author":"Inzana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01686","article-title":"Risk factors for infection after knee arthroplasty.","volume":"91","author":"J\u00e4msen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt Surg. Am."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30482-1","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of a cocktail of bacteriophages to treat burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PhagoBurn): a randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 1\/2 trial.","volume":"19","author":"Jault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1646126","article-title":"Factors determining phage stability\/activity: challenges in practical phage application.","volume":"17","author":"Jo\u0144czyk-Matysiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02850-14","article-title":"Burkholderia cepacia complex phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS): Antibiotics stimulate lytic phage activity.","volume":"81","author":"Kamal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2015.03.035","article-title":"Quantifying the burden of revision total joint arthroplasty for periprosthetic infection.","volume":"30","author":"Kamath","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Arthroplasty"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157626","article-title":"In vivo assessment of phage and linezolid based implant coatings for treatment of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) mediated orthopaedic device related infections.","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1425-2","article-title":"Treatment based on the type of infected TKA improves infection control.","volume":"469","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.178615","article-title":"Phage therapy of staphylococcal chronic osteomyelitis in experimental animal model.","volume":"143","author":"Kishor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02949","article-title":"Diversity and function of phage encoded depolymerases.","volume":"10","author":"Knecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00222","article-title":"Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030.","volume":"89","author":"Kurtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2012.02.022","article-title":"Economic burden of periprosthetic joint infection in the united states.","volume":"27","author":"Kurtz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Arthroplasty"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1619-7","article-title":"What is the role of serological testing between stages of two-stage reconstruction of the infected prosthetic knee?","volume":"469","author":"Kusuma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2010.08.001","article-title":"Bacteriophages as potential new therapeutics to replace or supplement antibiotics.","volume":"28","author":"Kutateladze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2174\/138920110790725401","article-title":"Phage therapy in clinical practice: treatment of human infections.","volume":"11","author":"Kutter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01378.x","article-title":"Outcome of prosthetic knee-associated infection: evaluation of 40 consecutive episodes at a single centre.","volume":"12","author":"Laffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.03.012","article-title":"Risk factors for treatment failure in patients with prosthetic joint infections.","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2388-7","article-title":"Computational prediction of inter-species relationships through omics data analysis and machine learning.","volume":"19","author":"Leite","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00343","article-title":"Virulence reduction in bacteriophage resistant bacteria.","volume":"6","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro822","article-title":"Population and evolutionary dynamics of phage therapy.","volume":"2","author":"Levin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.2.14590","article-title":"Pros and cons of phage therapy.","volume":"1","author":"Loc-Carrillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2013.0128","article-title":"Phage neutralization by sera of patients receiving phage therapy.","volume":"27","author":"\u0141usiak-Szelachowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2016-0156","article-title":"Antiphage activity of sera during phage therapy in relation to its outcome.","volume":"12","author":"\u0141usiak-Szelachowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2358-8","article-title":"Assessing the gold standard: A review of 253 two-stage revisions for infected TKA knee.","volume":"470","author":"Mahmud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.3390\/v7082845","article-title":"Oral application of T4 phage induces weak antibody production in the gut and in the blood.","volume":"7","author":"Majewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2009.05.016","article-title":"Morbidly obese, diabetic, younger, and unilateral joint arthroplasty patients have elevated total joint arthroplasty infection rates.","volume":"24","author":"Malinzak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Arthroplasty"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1086\/499234","article-title":"Outcome of prosthetic joint infections treated with debridement and retention of components.","volume":"42","author":"Marculescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.15586\/computationalbiology.2019.ch3","article-title":"Deep learning in omics data analysis and precision medicine","author":"Martorell-Marug\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computational Biology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2006.02.012","article-title":"Multiplication of therapeutically administered bacteriophages in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected patients.","volume":"32","author":"Marza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-005-0408-9","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy: a revitalized therapy against bacterial infectious diseases.","volume":"11","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00988","article-title":"Fitness of spontaneous rifampicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in a biofilm environment.","volume":"10","author":"Maudsdotter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004944","article-title":"Quality-controlled small-scale production of a well-defined bacteriophage cocktail for use in human clinical trials.","volume":"4","author":"Merabishvili","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3612015","article-title":"In vivo studies on the influence of bacteriophage preparations on the autoimmune inflammatory process.","volume":"2017","author":"Mi\u0229dzybrodzki","year":"","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394438-2.00003-7","article-title":"Clinical aspects of phage therapy.","volume":"83","author":"Mi\u0229dzybrodzki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.165","article-title":"Quorum sensing in bacteria.","volume":"55","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00467","article-title":"Means to facilitate the overcoming of gastric juice barrier by a therapeutic staphylococcal bacteriophage A5\/80.","volume":"8","author":"Mi\u0229dzybrodzki","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.02.018","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility to antibiotics of staphylococci in biofilms isolated from orthopaedic infections.","volume":"41","author":"Molina-Manso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000052","article-title":"Emerging pathogenetic mechanisms of the implantrelated osteomyelitis by Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"34","author":"Montanaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24019","article-title":"Periprosthetic bacterial biofilm and quorum sensing.","volume":"36","author":"Mooney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01696","article-title":"Applications of bacteriophages in the treatment of localized infections in humans.","volume":"9","author":"Morozova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2030-8","article-title":"Two-stage exchange arthroplasty for infected total knee arthroplasty: predictors of failure.","volume":"469","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clini. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000214421.21712.62","article-title":"Current etiologies and modes of failure in total knee arthroplasty revision.","volume":"446","author":"Mulhall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1086\/318704","article-title":"Infection of orthopedic prostheses after Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.","volume":"32","author":"Murdoch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.00211","article-title":"Risk factors associated with deep surgical site infections after primary total knee arthroplasty.","volume":"95","author":"Namba","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-102108-134304","article-title":"Bacterial quorum-sensing network architectures.","volume":"43","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106756","article-title":"Immunologic responses to bacteriophage phi-X 174 in immunodeficiency diseases.","volume":"50","author":"Ochs","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10070351","article-title":"Resistance development to bacteriophages occurring during bacteriophage therapy.","volume":"10","author":"Oechslin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2007.08.013","article-title":"Infection control by antibody disruption of bacterial quorum sensing signaling.","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2000.2198","article-title":"Understanding bacteriophage therapy as a density-dependent kinetic process.","volume":"208","author":"Payne","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06246-11","article-title":"Microbiological aetiology, epidemiology, and clinical profile of prosthetic joint infections: are current antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines effective?","volume":"56","author":"Peel","year":"","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.09.005","article-title":"Early onset prosthetic hip and knee joint infection: treatment and outcomes in Victoria, Australia.","volume":"82","author":"Peel","year":"","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2011.06.001","article-title":"Risk factors for prosthetic hip and knee infections according to arthroplasty site.","volume":"79","author":"Peel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200111000-00003","article-title":"Infection in total knee replacement.","volume":"392","author":"Peersman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-005-0130-2","article-title":"Prolonged operative time correlates with increased infection rate after total knee arthroplasty.","volume":"2","author":"Peersman","year":"2006","journal-title":"HSS J."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01171","article-title":"Phage therapy in the year 2035.","volume":"11","author":"Pirnay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.07.027","article-title":"Trends and barriers to lateral gene transfer in prokaryotes.","volume":"14","author":"Popa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198401000-00015","article-title":"Factors influencing the incidence and outcome of infection following total joint arthroplasty.","volume":"182","author":"Poss","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4749-8","article-title":"How does wear rate compare in well-functioning total hip and knee replacements? A postmortem polyethylene liner study.","volume":"474","author":"Pourzal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0209-4","article-title":"Periprosthetic joint infection: the incidence, timing, and predisposing factors.","volume":"466","author":"Pulido","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37690","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing complications following total joint arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis versus for osteoarthritis.","volume":"64","author":"Ravi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24595","article-title":"New developments and future challenges in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of prosthetic joint infection.","volume":"38","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03157.x","article-title":"Acute haematogenous prosthetic joint infection: prospective evaluation of medical and surgical management.","volume":"16","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a012427","article-title":"Bacterial quorum sensing: its role in virulence and possibilities for its control.","volume":"2","author":"Rutherford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.15690\/vramn905","article-title":"Experimental study of the antibacterial activity of the lytic staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage Ph20 and lytic pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage Ph57 when modelling impregnation into poly (methylmetacrylate) orthopedic implants (bone cement).","volume":"73","author":"Samokhin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vestn. Ross. Akad. Meditsinskikh Nauk"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1086\/592973","article-title":"Prolonged bacterial culture to identify late periprosthetic joint infection: a promising strategy.","volume":"47","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.3.654-659.1995","article-title":"Activation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lasI gene by LasR and the Pseudomonas autoinducer PAI: an autoinduction regulatory hierarchy.","volume":"177","author":"Seed","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.05.005","article-title":"Periprosthetic joint infection following Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.","volume":"63","author":"Sendi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2010.05.006","article-title":"Perioperative testing for persistent sepsis following resection arthroplasty of the hip for periprosthetic infection.","volume":"25","author":"Shukla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Arthroplasty"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2005.09.002","article-title":"Phage therapy: facts and fiction.","volume":"296","author":"Skurnik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-129-8-2659","article-title":"Effectiveness of phages in treating experimental Escherichia coli diarrhoea in calves, piglets and lambs.","volume":"129","author":"Smith","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000423","article-title":"Surgery before subspecialty referral for periprosthetic knee infection reduces the likelihood of infection control.","volume":"476","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(94)90184-8","article-title":"Bacteriophage prevents destruction of skin grafts by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","volume":"20","author":"Soothill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.67b2.3980532","article-title":"Infection in experimental hip arthroplasties.","volume":"67","author":"Southwood","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Ser B"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004174","article-title":"Selective chemical inhibition of agr quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus promotes host defense with minimal impact on resistance.","volume":"10","author":"Sully","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9691","article-title":"Bacteriophage trigger antiviral immunity and prevent clearance of bacterial infection.","volume":"363","author":"Sweere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/0892701021000034418","article-title":"The efficacy of bacteriophage as a method of biofilm eradication.","volume":"18","author":"Tait","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00111-13","article-title":"Prosthetic joint infection.","volume":"27","author":"Tande","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917726117","article-title":"Phage liquid crystalline droplets form occlusive sheaths that encapsulate and protect infectious rod-shaped bacteria.","volume":"117","author":"Tarafder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00557","article-title":"Gritti-stokes amputations in the trauma patient.","volume":"94","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00924-19","article-title":"Bacteriophages as adjuvant to antibiotics for the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","volume":"64","author":"Tkhilaishvili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12364","article-title":"Long-term effects of single and combined introductions of antibiotics and bacteriophages on populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","volume":"9","author":"Torres-Barcel\u00f3","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1177\/0391398820913571","article-title":"Illustration of the current practice and outcome comparison of early versus late tracheostomy after pediatric ECMO.","volume":"43","author":"Tripathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199604000-00005","article-title":"Infection after total hip arthroplasty: a study of the treatment of one hundred and six infections.","volume":"78","author":"Tsukayama","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Ser A"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4720-8","article-title":"Antibiotic-tolerant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm persists on arthroplasty materials.","volume":"474","author":"Urish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop Relat. Res."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08336-9","article-title":"Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages.","volume":"7","author":"Van Belleghem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010010","article-title":"Interactions between bacteriophage, bacteria, and the mammalian immune system.","volume":"11","author":"Van Belleghem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00693764","article-title":"Concept of virus species.","volume":"1","author":"van Regenmortel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2003.08.001","article-title":"Ecology of prokaryotic viruses.","volume":"28","author":"Weinbauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36790","article-title":"Bacteriophage delivering hydrogels reduce biofilm formation in vitro and infection in vivo.","volume":"108","author":"Wroe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01135","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy in implant-related infections: an experimental study.","volume":"95","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01681","article-title":"Antibody production in response to Staphylococcal MS-1 phage cocktail in patients undergoing phage therapy.","volume":"7","author":"Zaczek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1265447","article-title":"Delivering phage therapy per os : benefits and barriers.","volume":"15","author":"Zelasko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.00789","article-title":"Periprosthetic joint infection increases the risk of one-year mortality.","volume":"95","author":"Zmistowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Ser A"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.591021\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T06:55:17Z","timestamp":1608533717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.591021\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"references-count":137,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2020.591021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.591021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"article-number":"591021"}}