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Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are short transcripts that base-pair to mRNA targets or interact with regulatory proteins. sRNA function has been studied extensively in Gram-negative bacteria; comparatively less is known about sRNAs in Firmicutes. Here we investigate two sRNAs encoded by virulence plasmid pXO1 of <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of anthrax. The sRNAs, named \u201cXrrA and XrrB\u201d (for p<jats:underline>X<\/jats:underline>O1-encoded <jats:underline>r<\/jats:underline>egulatory <jats:underline>R<\/jats:underline>NA) are abundant and highly stable primary transcripts, whose expression is dependent upon AtxA, the master virulence regulator of <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>. sRNA levels are highest during culture conditions that promote AtxA expression and activity, and sRNA levels are unaltered in Hfq RNA chaperone null-mutants. Comparison of the transcriptome of a virulent Ames-derived strain to the transcriptome of isogenic sRNA-null mutants revealed multiple 4.0- to &amp;gt;100-fold differences in gene expression. Most regulatory effects were associated with XrrA, although regulation of some transcripts suggests functional overlap between the XrrA and XrrB. Many sRNA-regulated targets were chromosome genes associated with branched-chain amino acid metabolism, proteolysis, and transmembrane transport. Finally, in a mouse model for systemic anthrax, the lungs and livers of animals infected with <jats:italic>xrrA<\/jats:italic>-null mutants had a small reduction in bacterial burden, suggesting a role for XrrA in <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.610036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T04:51:35Z","timestamp":1610686295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["AtxA-Controlled Small RNAs of Bacillus anthracis Virulence Plasmid pXO1 Regulate Gene Expression in trans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ileana D.","family":"Corsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumita","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambro","family":"van Hoof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa M.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W537","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky379","article-title":"The Galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2018 update.","volume":"46","author":"Afgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","author":"Andrews","year":"2010","journal-title":"FastQC A Quality Control tool for High Throughput Sequence Data."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/s0960-9822(01)00270-6","article-title":"Novel small RNA-encoding genes in the intergenic regions of Escherichia coli.","volume":"11","author":"Argaman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. 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