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This disease also causes chronic disability and is therefore associated with high health burden in areas where HTLV-1 infection is endemic. Despite various efforts in understanding the virus and discovery of novel diagnostic markers, and cellular and viral interactions, HAM\/TSP management is still unsatisfactory and mainly focused on symptomatic alleviation, and it hasn\u2019t been explained why only a minority of the virus carriers develop HAM\/TSP. This comprehensive review focuses on host and viral factors in association with immunopathology of the disease in hope of providing new insights for drug therapies or other forms of intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.614940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T05:52:41Z","timestamp":1608616361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Immunopathogenesis and Cellular Interactions in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sepehr","family":"Aghajanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Teymoori-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazale","family":"Molaverdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed-Hamidreza","family":"Mozhgani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050363","article-title":"Activation of macrophages\/microglia with the calcium-binding proteins MRP14 and MRP8 is related to the lesional activities in the spinal cord of HTLV-I associated myelopathy.","volume":"246","author":"Abe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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