{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:48:11Z","timestamp":1788346091303,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> is a major causative pathogen of human and animal gastroenteritis. Antibiotic resistant strains have emerged due to the production of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) posing a major health concern. With the increasing reports on ESBL-producing Enterobacterales that colonize companion animals, we aimed to investigate ESBL dissemination among ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> (ESBL-S) in hospitalized horses. We prospectively collected ESBL-S isolates from hospitalized horses in a Veterinary-Teaching Hospital during Dec 2015\u2013Dec 2017. Selection criteria for ESBL-S were white colonies on CHROMagarESBL plates and an ESBL phenotypic confirmation. <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovars were determined using the Kaufmann-White-Le-Minor serological scheme. ESBL-encoding plasmids were purified, transformed and compared using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Whole genome sequencing (Illumina and MinION platforms) were performed for detailed phylogenetic and plasmid analyses. Twelve ESBL-S were included in this study. Molecular investigation and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) meta-analysis revealed the presence of three unique <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovars, Cerro, Havana and Liverpool, all reported for the first time in horses. PFGE revealed the clonal spread of <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Cerro between seven horses. All twelve isolates carried <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>CTX\u2013M\u2013<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and showed an identical multidrug resistance profile with co-resistance to trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole and to aminoglycosides. Plasmid RFLP proved the inter-serovar horizontal spread of a single <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>CTX\u2013M\u2013<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>-encoding plasmid. Complete sequence of a representative plasmid (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Havana strain 373.3.1), designated pSEIL-3 was a -86.4 Kb IncM2 plasmid, that encoded nine antibiotic resistance genes. pSEIL-3 was virtually identical to pCTX-M3 from <jats:italic>Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic>, and showed high identity (&amp;gt;95%) to six other <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>CTX\u2013M\u2013<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> or <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>NDM\u2013<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> IncM2 broad host range plasmids from various Enterobacterales of human origin. Using a specific six gene-based multiplex PCR, we detected pSEIL-3 in various Enterobacterales species that co-colonized the horses\u2019 gut. Together, our findings show the alarming emergence of ESBL-S in hospitalized horses associated with gut shedding and foal morbidity and mortality. We demonstrated the dissemination of CTX-M-3 ESBL among different <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovars due to transmission of a broad host range plasmid. This report highlights horses as a zoonotic reservoir for ESBL-S, including highly transmissible plasmids that may represent a \u2018One-Health\u2019 hazard. This risk calls for the implementation of infection control measures to monitor and control the spread of ESBL-S in hospitalized horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.616032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T19:50:20Z","timestamp":1610049020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Emergence and Spread of Different ESBL-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovars in Hospitalized Horses Sharing a Highly Transferable IncM2 CTX-M-3-Encoding Plasmid"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ziv","family":"Dor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anat","family":"Shnaiderman-Torban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kira","family":"Kondratyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Davidovich-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assaf","family":"Rokney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Steinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiri","family":"Navon-Venezia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.08.022","article-title":"Genes conferring resistance to critically important antimicrobials in Salmonella enterica isolated from animals and food: a systematic review of the literature, 2013\u20132017.","volume":"126","author":"Antonelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-75","article-title":"The RAST server: rapid annotations using subsystems technology.","volume":"9","author":"Aziz","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/115.4.339","article-title":"High incidence of extra-intestinal infections in a Salmonella Havana outbreak associated with alfalfa sprouts.","volume":"115","author":"Backer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2012-0667","article-title":"CTX-M-15 type ESBL-producing Salmonella havana associated with international adoption in canada.","volume":"59","author":"Bekal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. 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