{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T07:19:36Z","timestamp":1773472776895,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Confined experiments are carried out to simulate the closed environment of space capsule on the ground. The Chinese Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) is designed including a closed-loop system supporting 4 healthy volunteers surviving for 180 days, and we aim to reveal the temporal characteristics of the oropharyngeal and nasal microbiota structure in crewmembers stayed 180 days in the CELSS, so as to accumulate the information about microbiota balance associated with respiratory health for estimating health risk in future spaceflight. We investigated the distribution of microorganisms and their dynamic characteristics in the nasal cavity and oropharynx of occupants with prolonged confinement. Based on the 16S rDNA v3\u2013v4 regions using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology, the oropharyngeal and nasal microbiota were monitored at eight time points during confinement. There were significant differences between oropharyngeal and nasal microbiota, and there were also individual differences among the same site of different volunteers. Analysis on the structure of the microbiota showed that, in the phylum taxon, the nasal bacteria mainly belonged to Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, etc. In addition to the above phyla, in oropharyngeal bacteria Fusobacterial accounted for a relatively high proportion. In the genus taxon, the nasal and oropharyngeal bacteria were independent. <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> were dominant in nasal cavity, and <jats:italic>Corynebacterium, Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> were dominant in oropharynx. With the extension of the confinement time, the abundance of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> in the nasal cavity and <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> in the oropharynx increased, and the index Chao fluctuated greatly from 30 to 90 days after the volunteers entered the CELSS.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The structure and diversity of the nasal and oropharyngeal microbiota changed in the CELSS, and there was the phenomenon of migration between occupants, suggesting that the microbiota structure and health of the respiratory tract could be affected by living in a closed environment for a long time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.617696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T04:26:05Z","timestamp":1612326365000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Temporal Characteristics of the Oropharyngeal and Nasal Microbiota Structure in Crewmembers Stayed 180 Days in the Controlled Ecological Life Support System"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yanwu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chongfa","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhitang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junlian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanghuang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanhuan","family":"Dun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingmu","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231838","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231838","article-title":"Crewmember microbiome may influence microbial composition of ISS habitable surfaces","volume":"15","author":"Avila-Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201407-1240OC","article-title":"Early respiratory microbiota composition determines bacterial succession patterns and respiratory health in children","volume":"190","author":"Biesbroek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"282","article-title":"Analysis on body microbiota of people surviving in controlled ecological life support system of 180 days experiment","volume":"31","author":"Bingmu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Space Med. Med. Eng."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0280-8","article-title":"Human presence impacts fungal diversity of inflated lunar\/mars analog habitat","volume":"5","author":"Blachowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00938-7","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease","volume":"4","author":"Bogaert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.10.023","article-title":"Bacterial microbiota of the nasal passages across the span of human life","volume":"41","author":"Bomar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005633","article-title":"Commensal-pathogen interactions along the human nasal passages","volume":"12","author":"Brugger","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12362","article-title":"Comparing the anterior nare bacterial community of two discrete human populations using illumina amplicon sequencing","volume":"16","author":"Camarinha-Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15216","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015216","article-title":"Disordered microbial communities in the upper respiratory tract of cigarette smokers","volume":"5","author":"Charlson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0180630","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180630","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal microbiota in infants and changes during viral upper respiratory tract infection and acute otitis media","volume":"12","author":"Chonmaitree","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S114188","article-title":"Incidence of clinical symptoms during long-duration orbital spaceflight","volume":"9","author":"Crucian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140294","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0294","article-title":"The role of the local microbial ecosystem in respiratory health and disease","volume":"370","author":"de Steenhuijsen Piters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Series B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22398","article-title":"Microbiome complexity and Staphylococcus aureus in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"122","author":"Feazel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178115","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178115","article-title":"The carriage of interleukin-1B-31*C allele plus Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae increases the risk of recurrent tonsillitis in a Mexican population","volume":"12","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Andrade","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2537","article-title":"The skin microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Grice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i143","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex336","article-title":"An overview of space medicine","volume":"119","author":"Hodkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"DRAFT Human Health, Life Support, and Habitation System","author":"Hurlbert","year":"2010"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16007","DOI":"10.1038\/npjmgrav.2016.7","article-title":"Four-year bacterial monitoring in the international space station-japanese experiment module \u201cKibo\u201d with culture-independent approach","volume":"2","author":"Ichijo","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Microgr."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489416641429","article-title":"Next generation sequencing and the microbiome of chronic rhinosinusitis: a primer for clinicians and review of current research, its limitations, and future directions","volume":"125","author":"Jervis Bardy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.11.016","article-title":"Microbiota and asthma: clinical implications","volume":"146","author":"Katsoulis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4029","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4029","article-title":"A microbial survey of the international space station (ISS)","volume":"5","author":"Lang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000495","article-title":"Microbiome and disease in the upper airway","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103013440908","article-title":"Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia","volume":"344","author":"Marik","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0167-0","article-title":"Microbial succession in an inflated lunar\/mars analog habitat during a 30-day human occupation","volume":"4","author":"Mayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis861","article-title":"Infection prevention and control during prolonged human space travel","volume":"56","author":"Mermel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222589","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222589","article-title":"Exploring the microbiota of upper respiratory tract during the development of pneumonia in a mouse model","volume":"14","author":"Morinaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892418801083","article-title":"Role of superantigens in allergic inflammation: their relationship to allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis","volume":"32","author":"Muluk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2005.07.010","article-title":"Survey of environmental biocontamination on board the international space station","volume":"157","author":"Novikova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13786","article-title":"Biogeography and individuality shape function in the human skin metagenome","volume":"514","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.008","article-title":"Temporal stability of the human skin microbiome","volume":"165","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0709-3","article-title":"Skin microbiome modulation induced by probiotic solutions","volume":"7","author":"Paetzold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21101","article-title":"Prevalence and abundance of Staphylococcus aureus in the middle meatus of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, and asthma","volume":"3","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0345-8","article-title":"Preparing for the crewed mars journey: microbiota dynamics in the confined Mars500 habitat during simulated mars flight and landing","volume":"5","author":"Schwendner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R42","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-6-r42","article-title":"Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples","volume":"13","author":"Segata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02406","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02406-18","article-title":"Competition among nasal bacteria suggests a role for siderophore-mediated interactions in shaping the human nasal microbiota","volume":"85","author":"Stubbendieck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME14032","article-title":"Microbial existence in controlled habitats and their resistance to space conditions","volume":"29","author":"Venkateswaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Environ."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8719-7","article-title":"The human microbiota and asthma","volume":"57","author":"Ver Heul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46303-8","article-title":"Study of the impact of long-duration space missions at the international space station on the astronaut microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Voorhies","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00575","article-title":"Multi-system adaptation to confinement during the 180-day controlled ecological life support system (CELSS) experiment","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-1-r1","article-title":"Biogeography of the ecosystems of the healthy human body","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R66","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-5-r66","article-title":"Exploration of bacterial community classes in major human habitats","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.617696\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T04:26:10Z","timestamp":1612326370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.617696\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2020.617696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.617696","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"article-number":"617696"}}