{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:54:22Z","timestamp":1790826862970,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to investigate the effects of organic acids (OA) as alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on growth performance, intestinal structure, as well as intestinal microbial composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles in broilers. A total of 336 newly hatched male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 3 dietary treatments including the basal diet [negative control (NC)], the basal diet supplemented with 5 mg\/kg flavomycin, and the basal diet supplemented with OA feed additives. Each treatment had eight replicates with 14 birds each. The results showed that AGP and OA promoted growth during day 22\u201342 compared with the NC group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). OA significantly increased the jejunal goblet cell density and ileal villus height on day 42 compared with the NC group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, OA up-regulated the mRNA expression of jejunal barrier genes (Claudin-3 and ZO-1) relative to the NC group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Significant changes of microbiota induced by the OA were also found on day 42 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Several SCFAs-producing bacteria like Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, and Peptococcaceae affiliated to the order Clostridiales were identified as biomarkers of the OA group. Higher concentrations of SCFAs including formic acid and butyric acid were observed in the cecum of OA group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Simultaneously, the abundance of family Ruminococcaceae showed highly positive correlations with the body weight and mRNA level of ZO-1 on day 42 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). However, AGP supplementation had the higher mRNA expression of Claudin-2, lower goblet cell density of jejunum, and decreased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, suggesting that AGP might have a negative impact on intestinal immune and microbiota homeostasis. In conclusion, the OA improved growth performance, intestinal morphology and barrier function in broilers, which might be attributed to the changes of intestinal microbiota, particularly the enrichment of SCFAs-producing bacteria, providing a more homeostatic and healthy intestinal microecology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.618144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T17:59:57Z","timestamp":1610647197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Organic Acids as Alternatives for Antibiotic Growth Promoters Alter the Intestinal Structure and Microbiota and Improve the Growth Performance in Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-geng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-ming","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-hai","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00191","article-title":"Effect of enzyme supplementation and acidification of diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broiler chicks.","volume":"88","author":"Ao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020060","article-title":"Enteric pathogens and their toxin-induced disruption of the intestinal barrier through alteration of tight junctions in chickens.","volume":"9","author":"Awad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02890","article-title":"Echinococcus granulosus infection results in an increase in eisenbergiella and parabacteroides genera in the gut of mice.","volume":"9","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/402593","article-title":"The dual role of zonula occludens (zo) proteins.","volume":"2010","author":"Bauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey021","article-title":"Gut barrier function: Effects of (antibiotic) growth promoters on key barrier components and associations with growth performance.","volume":"97","author":"Broom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data.","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.12.008","article-title":"The modulatory effect of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (EGCG3\u2033Me) on intestinal microbiota of high fat diet-induced obesity mice model.","volume":"92","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-0427-5","article-title":"Dynamic alterations in early intestinal development, microbiota and metabolome induced by in ovo feeding of L-arginine in a layer chick model.","volume":"11","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027949","article-title":"Modulations of the chicken cecal microbiome and metagenome in response to anticoccidial and growth promoter treatment.","volume":"6","author":"Danzeisen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01937","article-title":"Consequences of phosphorus interactions with calcium, phytase, and cholecalciferol on zootechnical performance and mineral retention in broiler chickens.","volume":"91","author":"Delezie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00282","article-title":"Antibiotics in Canadian poultry productions and anticipated alternatives.","volume":"5","author":"Diarra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.4.634","article-title":"Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action.","volume":"84","author":"Dibner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00216","article-title":"Organic acids and potential for modifying the avian gastrointestinal tract and reducing pathogens and disease.","volume":"5","author":"Dittoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461","article-title":"Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST.","volume":"26","author":"Edgar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982012001000008","article-title":"Phytogenic additives and organic acids in broiler chicken diets.","volume":"41","author":"Fascina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootecn"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252316000207","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review.","volume":"18","author":"Gadde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2006-00116","article-title":"Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient digestibility, intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broilers.","volume":"16","author":"Garcia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03067","article-title":"Gut microbiota are associated with psychological stress-induced defections in intestinal and blood-brain barriers.","volume":"10","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2011.176.184","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids on performance, nutrients digestibility and health of broiler chicks.","volume":"10","author":"Ghazalah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660500475574","article-title":"Effect of formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology and plasma metabolite levels of broiler chickens.","volume":"47","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.158766","article-title":"454 pyrosequencing reveals a shift in fecal microbiota of healthy adult men consuming polydextrose or soluble corn fiber.","volume":"142","author":"Hooda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02948","article-title":"Selectived and reshaped early dominant microbial community in the cecum with similar proportions and better homogenization and species diversity due to organic acids as AGP alternatives mediate their effects on broilers growth.","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME14054","article-title":"Intestinal colonization by a Lachnospiraceae bacterium contributes to the development of diabetes in obese mice.","volume":"29","author":"Kameyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2015.1079527","article-title":"Recent advances in the role of organic acids in poultry nutrition.","volume":"44","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-010-0131-2","article-title":"Intestinal goblet cells and mucins in health and disease: recent insights and progress.","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2019.11.011","article-title":"Whole metagenome sequencing of cecum microbiomes in ethiopian indigenous chickens from two different altitudes reveals antibiotic resistance genes.","volume":"112","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity.","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky197","article-title":"Supplementation with organic acids showing different effects on growth performance, gut morphology, and microbiota of weaned pigs fed with highly or less digestible diets.","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01751","article-title":"Pretreatment with bacillus cereus preserves against D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in a rat model.","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1348","article-title":"Response of intestinal microbiota to antibiotic growth promoters in chickens.","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-1289-4","article-title":"Surface components and metabolites of probiotics for regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier.","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12782","article-title":"Effects of a protected inclusion of organic acids and essential oils as antibiotic growth promoter alternative on growth performance, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broilers.","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-delta delta c(t)) Method.","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-5-23","article-title":"Commensal Clostridia: leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis.","volume":"5","author":"Lopetuso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix153","article-title":"Identification of universal gut microbial biomarkers of common human intestinal diseases by meta-analysis.","volume":"93","author":"Mancabelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-018-0250-0","article-title":"The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition.","volume":"10","author":"Markowiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut. Pathog."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73676-5","article-title":"Influence of dietary protein level and source on the course of protein digestion along the small intestine of the veal calf.","volume":"86","author":"Montagne","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-086","article-title":"Antibiotic residues in chicken meat: global prevalence, threats, and decontamination strategies: a review.","volume":"81","author":"Muaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Poultry","DOI":"10.17226\/2114"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.01.037","article-title":"Molecular analysis of microbial community structure in the chicken ileum following organic acid supplementation.","volume":"137","author":"Nava","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12608","article-title":"The chicken gastrointestinal microbiome.","volume":"360","author":"Oakley","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.03.007","article-title":"Diet supplementation with an organic acids-based formulation affects gut microbiota and expression of gut barrier genes in broilers.","volume":"4","author":"Palamidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.26945","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome of poultry and its interaction with host and diet.","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0501-9","article-title":"Microbial diversity and community composition of caecal microbiota in commercial and indigenous Indian chickens determined using 16s rDNA amplicon sequencing.","volume":"6","author":"Pandit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.44.389","article-title":"Effect of organic acid salt on the performance and gut health of broiler chicken.","volume":"44","author":"Paul","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Poult Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3608","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial cells: regulators of barrier function and immune homeostasis.","volume":"14","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.03.014","article-title":"Flavophospholipol use in animals: positive implications for antimicrobial resistance based on its microbiologic properties.","volume":"56","author":"Pfaller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0421-y","article-title":"Dietary encapsulated essential oils and organic acids mixture improves gut health in broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis.","volume":"11","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930.e1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.294","article-title":"Differences in gut microbiota in patients with vs without inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review.","volume":"158","author":"Pittayanon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex178","article-title":"Meta-analytic study of organic acids as an alternative performance-enhancing feed additive to antibiotics for broiler chickens.","volume":"96","author":"Polycarpo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnv122","article-title":"Prebiotics and gut microbiota in chickens.","volume":"362","author":"Pourabedin","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.4.632","article-title":"Perspectives on the use of organic acids and short chain fatty acids as antimicrobials.","volume":"82","author":"Ricke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02306","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced alterations in gut microbiota are associated with changes in glucose metabolism in healthy mice.","volume":"8","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02088","article-title":"Alternative growth promoters modulate broiler gut microbiome and enhance body weight gain.","volume":"8","author":"Salaheen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation.","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02603","article-title":"Influence of penicillin on microbial diversity of the cecal microbiota in broiler chickens.","volume":"92","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00187","article-title":"Bacteria within the gastrointestinal tract microbiota correlated with improved growth and feed conversion: challenges presented for the identification of performance enhancing probiotic bacteria.","volume":"7","author":"Stanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00491","article-title":"Protected blend of organic acids and essential oils improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health of broiler chickens undergoing an intestinal challenge.","volume":"6","author":"Stefanello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-015-0042-z","article-title":"A review of the effects of dietary organic acids fed to swine.","volume":"6","author":"Suiryanrayna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1070-x","article-title":"Regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by tight junctions.","volume":"70","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2653","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease.","volume":"9","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01418","article-title":"Organic acids modulate systemic metabolic perturbation caused by salmonella pullorum challenge in early-stage broilers.","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01681","article-title":"Supplemental plant extracts from flos lonicerae in combination with baikal skullcap attenuate intestinal disruption and modulate gut microbiota in laying hens challenged by salmonella pullorum.","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2011.00127.x","article-title":"Distance-based multivariate analyses confound location and dispersion effects.","volume":"3","author":"Warton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0699-4","article-title":"The human gut bacteria Christensenellaceae are widespread, heritable, and associated with health.","volume":"17","author":"Waters","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15163","article-title":"Pectin and inulin stimulated the mucus formation at a similar level: an omics-based comparative analysis.","volume":"85","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.04.005","article-title":"Impact of essential oils and organic acids on the growth performance, digestive functions and immunity of broiler chickens.","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4538-6","article-title":"Influences of the gut microbiota on DNA methylation and histone modification.","volume":"62","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02662","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation with citrus extract altered the intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolite profiles and enhanced the mucosal immune homeostasis in yellow-feathered broilers.","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00048","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity and co-occurrence of mucosal and luminal microbiome across swine intestinal tract.","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.618144\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T07:55:39Z","timestamp":1611129339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.618144\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2020.618144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.618144","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"article-number":"618144"}}