{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:13:12Z","timestamp":1789668792222,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Pythium myriotylum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a notorious soil-borne oomycete that causes post-emergence damping-off in chili pepper. Of various disease management strategies, utilization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in disease suppression and plant growth promotion is an interesting strategy. The present study was performed to isolate and characterize PGPR indigenous to the chili rhizosphere in Pakistan, and to test the potential to suppress the damping-off and plant growth promotion in chili. Out of a total of 28 antagonists, eight bacterial isolates (4a2, JHL-8, JHL-12, 1C2, RH-24, 1D, 5C, and RH-87) significantly suppressed the colony growth of\n                    <jats:italic>P. myriotylum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in a dual culture experiment. All the tested bacterial isolates were characterized for biochemical attributes, and 16S rRNA sequence based phylogenetic analysis identified these isolates as\n                    <jats:italic>Flavobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus megaterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas putida<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas libanensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . All the tested bacterial isolates showed positive test results for ammonia production, starch hydrolase (except 4a2), and hydrogen cyanide production (except 4a2 and 1D). All the tested antagonists produced indole-3-acetic acid (13.4\u201339.0 \u03bcg mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), solubilized inorganic phosphate (75\u2013103 \u03bcg mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and produced siderophores (17.1\u201323.7%)\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . All the tested bacterial isolates showed varying levels of susceptibility and resistance response against different antibiotics and all these bacterial isolates were found to be non-pathogenic to chili seeds and notably enhanced percentage seed germination, plumule, redical length, and vigor index over un-inoculated control. Additionally, under pathogen pressure, bacterization increased the defense related enzymes such as Peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activates. Moreover, the treatment of chili seeds with these bacterial isolates significantly suppressed the damping-off caused by\n                    <jats:italic>P. myriotylum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and improved PGP traits compared to the control. In addition, a positive correlation was noticed between shoot, root length, and dry shoot and root weight, and there was a negative correlation between dry shoot, root weight, and seedling percentage mortality. These results showed that native PGPR possesses multiple traits beneficial to the chili plants and can be used to develop eco-friendly and effective seed treatment formulation as an alternative to synthetic chemical fungicides.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.587431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T06:10:07Z","timestamp":1620886207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Biological Control of Chili Damping-Off Disease, Caused by Pythium myriotylum"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sajjad","family":"Hyder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad Shahzad","family":"Gondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarrin Fatima","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashida","family":"Atiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Irtaza Sajjad","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Inam-ul-Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/11263504.2010.542318","article-title":"Isolation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from wheat rhizosphere and their effect on improving growth, yield and nutrient uptake of plants.","volume":"145","author":"Abbasi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.104.024406","article-title":"Colocalization of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase for metabolic channeling in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.","volume":"16","author":"Achnine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/901656","article-title":"Characterization of potential plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) in central and Northern Benin (West Africa).","volume":"2015","author":"Agbodjato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. 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