{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T21:02:14Z","timestamp":1790542934453,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Commiphora leptophloeos<\/jats:italic> (Burseraceae) is a medicinal plant native to Brazil which is popularly used for treating oral and vaginal infections. There has been no scientific evidence pointing to its efficacy in the treatment of these infections. Thus, this study sought to investigate the cytotoxic, antifungal, and antibiofilm activity of <jats:italic>C. leptophloeos<\/jats:italic> against <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp. and to isolate, identify, and quantify the content of B-type oligomeric procyanidins (BDP) in the extract of <jats:italic>C. leptophloeos<\/jats:italic> stem bark. The extract and the <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-butanol fraction were obtained by maceration and liquid-liquid partition, respectively. Phytochemical analysis performed by HPLC-PDA\/ELSD and FIA-ESI-IT-MS\/MS allowed the identification and quantification of BDP in the samples. The application of centrifugal partition chromatography helped isolate BDP, which was identified by <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H NMR and MS analyses. <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp. reference strains and clinical isolates (including fluconazole-resistant strains) derived from the blood cultures of candidemic patients and the vaginal secretion of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis were used for evaluating the antifungal and antibiofilm effects. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by the microdilution technique, and biofilm inhibition was evaluated through crystal violet and XTT assays. The combined action of BDP with fluconazole was determined by the checkerboard method. The extract, the <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-butanol fraction, and the BDP exhibited antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 312.5 to 2500 \u03bcg\/mL and were found to significantly reduce the biofilm formed in all the <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> strains investigated. BDP showed a fungicidal potential against strains of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp. (especially against fluconazole-resistant strains), with MIC and MFC values ranging from 156.2 to 2500 \u03bcg\/mL. In addition, the combined application of BDP and fluconazole produced synergistic antifungal effects against resistant <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp. (FICI = 0.31\u20131.5). The cytotoxic properties of the samples evaluated in human erythrocytes through hemolytic test did not show hemolytic activity under active concentrations. The findings of the study show that <jats:italic>C. leptophloeos<\/jats:italic> has antifungal and antibiofilm potential but does not cause toxicity in human erythrocytes. Finally, BDP, which was isolated for the first time in <jats:italic>C. leptophloeos<\/jats:italic>, was found to exhibit antifungal effect against <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp. either when applied alone or in combination with fluconazole.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.613155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T05:23:31Z","timestamp":1613971411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of B-Type Oligomeric Procyanidins From Commiphora leptophloeos Used Alone or in Combination With Fluconazole Against Candida spp."],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Renato","family":"Dantas-Medeiros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Caroline","family":"Zanatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luanda B\u00e1rbara Ferreira Can\u00e1rio","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia Morais","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Amorim-Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoela","family":"Torres-R\u00eago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus de Freitas","family":"Fernandes-Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wagner","family":"Vilegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago Ant\u01d2nio de Sousa","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Grougnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Maranh\u00e3o","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana Maria","family":"Zucolotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.12.007","article-title":"Medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of \u201cCariri Paraibano\u201d, Brazil.","volume":"111","author":"Agra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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