{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:04:50Z","timestamp":1790798690022,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The brucellae are facultative intracellular bacteria with a cell envelope rich in phosphatidylcholine (PC). PC is abundant in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes, and it has been proposed that <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> uses PC to mimic eukaryotic-like features and avoid innate immune responses in the host. Two PC synthesis pathways are known in prokaryotes: the PmtA-catalyzed trimethylation of phosphatidylethanolamine and the direct linkage of choline to CDP-diacylglycerol catalyzed by the PC synthase Pcs. Previous studies have reported that <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic> possess non-functional PmtAs and that PC is synthesized exclusively <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> Pcs in these strains. A putative choline transporter ChoXWV has also been linked to PC synthesis in <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>. Here, we report that Pcs and Pmt pathways are active in <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> biovar 2 and that a bioinformatics analysis of <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> genomes suggests that PmtA is only inactivated in <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic> strains. We also show that ChoXWV is active in <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> biovar 2 and conserved in all brucellae except <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. inopinata.<\/jats:italic> Unexpectedly, the experimentally verified ChoXWV dysfunction in <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic> did not abrogate PC synthesis in a PmtA-deficient mutant, which suggests the presence of an unknown mechanism for obtaining choline for the Pcs pathway in <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>. We also found that ChoXWV dysfunction did not cause attenuation in <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> biovar 2. The results of these studies are discussed with respect to the proposed role of PC in <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> virulence and how differential use of the Pmt and Pcs pathways may influence the interactions of these bacteria with their mammalian hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.614243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T06:05:51Z","timestamp":1628057151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Phospholipid N-Methyltransferase and Phosphatidylcholine Synthase Pathways and the ChoXWV Choline Uptake System Involved in Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis Are Widely Conserved in Most, but Not All Brucella Species"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Arag\u00f3n-Aranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyre","family":"Palacios-Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Salvador-Besc\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"de Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar M.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Vences-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaia","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Ripa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"L\u00e1zaro-Ant\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Sohlenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Moriy\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maite","family":"Iriarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Conde-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2014.00109","article-title":"Membrane lipids in Agrobacterium tumefaciens: biosynthetic pathways and importance for pathogenesis.","volume":"5","author":"Aktas","year":"","journal-title":"Front. 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