{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:19:44Z","timestamp":1787026784483,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Thermophilic\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    species are among the major etiologies of bacterial enteritis globally. This study aimed at assessing the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, virulence genes, and genetic diversity of thermophilic\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    species isolated from a layer poultry farm in South Korea. One hundred fifty-three chicken feces were collected from two layer poultry farms in Gangneung, South Korea. The\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were isolated by cultural techniques, while PCR and sequencing were used for species confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for six antimicrobials [ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), sitafloxacin (SIT), erythromycin (ERY), tetracycline (TET), and gentamicin (GEN)] was carried out by broth microdilution. Three AMR and nine virulence genes were screened by PCR. Genotyping was performed by\n                    <jats:italic>fla<\/jats:italic>\n                    A-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Of the 153 samples,\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were detected in 55 (35.9%), with\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    being 49 (89.1%) and six (10.9%), respectively. High-level resistance was observed for CIP (100%), NAL (100%), and TET (\n                    <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 93.9%;\n                    <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 83.3%). No resistance was observed for SIT. The missense mutation (C257T) in\n                    <jats:italic>gyr<\/jats:italic>\n                    A gene was confirmed by sequencing, while the\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (O) gene was similar to known sequences in GenBank. The rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains was 8.2%, and they all belonged to\n                    <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                    . All\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates possessed five virulence genes (\n                    <jats:italic>cdt<\/jats:italic>\n                    B,\n                    <jats:italic>cst<\/jats:italic>\n                    II,\n                    <jats:italic>fla<\/jats:italic>\n                    A,\n                    <jats:italic>cad<\/jats:italic>\n                    F, and\n                    <jats:italic>dna<\/jats:italic>\n                    J), but none possessed\n                    <jats:italic>ggt<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while the rates for other genes (\n                    <jats:italic>csr<\/jats:italic>\n                    A,\n                    <jats:italic>cia<\/jats:italic>\n                    B, and\n                    <jats:italic>pld<\/jats:italic>\n                    A) ranged between 33.3 and 95.9%. The\n                    <jats:italic>fla<\/jats:italic>\n                    A-RFLP yielded 26\n                    <jats:italic>fla<\/jats:italic>\n                    A types (\n                    <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 21 and\n                    <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    : five), while the MLST showed 10 sequence types (STs) for\n                    <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and three STs for\n                    <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with CC-607 (STs 3611) and CC-460 (ST-460) being predominant. Among the 10 STs of\n                    <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n                    , three were newly assigned. The findings of this study highlight the increased resistance to quinolones and TET, the virulence potential, and the diverse genotypes among\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains isolated from the layer poultry farm.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.622275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:37:00Z","timestamp":1616978220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Virulence Genes, and Genetic Diversity of Thermophilic Campylobacter Species Isolated From a Layer Poultry Farm in Korea"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Noel","family":"Gahamanyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae-Geun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kye-Yoon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard E. 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