{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:34:32Z","timestamp":1780320872197,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diminished antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens is an increasingly serious threat to human and animal health. Alternative strategies are required to combat antibiotic refractory bacteria. Bacterial metabolic state has been shown to play a critical role in its susceptibility to antibiotic killing. However, the adjuvant potential of nucleotides in combination with antibiotics to kill Gram-negative pathogens remains unknown. Herein, we found that thymine potentiated ciprofloxacin killing against both sensitive and resistant-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in a growth phase-independent manner. Similar promotion effects were also observed for other bactericidal antibiotics, including ampicillin and kanamycin, in the fight against four kinds of Gram-negative bacteria. The mechanisms underlying this finding were that exogenous thymine could upregulate bacterial metabolism including increased TCA cycle and respiration, which thereby promote the production of ATP and ROS. Subsequently, metabolically inactive bacteria were converted to active bacteria and restored its susceptibility to antibiotic killing. In <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> infection model, thymine effectively improved ciprofloxacin activity against <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. Taken together, our results demonstrated that thymine potentiates bactericidal antibiotics activity against Gram-negative pathogens through activating bacterial metabolism, providing a universal strategy to overcome Gram-negative pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.622798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T04:53:31Z","timestamp":1611809611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Thymine Sensitizes Gram-Negative Pathogens to Antibiotic Killing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangni","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqian","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingru","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.12.008","article-title":"The role of reactive oxygen species in antibiotic-mediated killing of bacteria.","volume":"25","author":"Acker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12405","article-title":"ATP\/ADP alteration as a sign of the oxidative stress development in Escherichia coli cells under antibiotic treatment.","volume":"353","author":"Akhova","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. 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