{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:29:40Z","timestamp":1789140580296,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31702259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31702259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31520103917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31520103917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004773","name":"University of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20IRTSTHN025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20IRTSTHN025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> can cause intestinal diseases in humans and livestock, destroy the intestinal barrier, exacerbate systemic inflammation, and seriously threaten human health and animal husbandry development. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the antimicrobial peptide mastoparan X (MPX) was effective against <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> infection. BALB\/c mice infected with <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> by intraperitoneal injection, which represents a sepsis model. In this study, MPX exhibited no toxicity in IPEC-J2 cells and notably suppressed the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released by <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. In addition, MPX improved the expression of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin and enhanced the wound healing of IPEC-J2 cells. The therapeutic effect of MPX was evaluated in a murine model, revealing that it protected mice from lethal <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> infection. Furthermore, MPX increased the length of villi and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the jejunum. SEM and TEM analyses showed that MPX effectively ameliorated the jejunum damage caused by <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and increased the number and length of microvilli. In addition, MPX decreased the expression of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, p-p38, and p-p65 in the jejunum and colon. Moreover, MPX increased the expression of ZO-1, occludin, and MUC2 in the jejunum and colon, improved the function of the intestinal barrier, and promoted the absorption of nutrients. This study suggests that MPX is an effective therapeutic agent for <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> infection and other intestinal diseases, laying the foundation for the development of new drugs for bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.644887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T07:54:12Z","timestamp":1623311652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Antimicrobial Peptide Mastoparan X Protects Against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection, Inhibits Inflammation, and Enhances the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanzhao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinqing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yundi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xilong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueyu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Fotina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhe","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10102022","article-title":"From nanobiotechnology, positively charged biomimetic dendrimers as novel antibacterial agents: a review","volume":"10","author":"Alfei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9067","DOI":"10.1039\/d0fo01729a","article-title":"Effects of dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid supplementation on amino acid profile, intestinal immunity, and microbiota in ETEC-challenged piglets","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46476","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046476","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin protects mice from Escherichia coli O157:H7-mediated disease","volume":"7","author":"Chromek","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-63-325-2020","article-title":"Physiological, antimicrobial, intestine morphological, and immunological effects of fructooligosaccharides in pigs","volume":"63","author":"Csernus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. 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