{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:25:56Z","timestamp":1790738756742,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008900","name":"University of South Florida","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008900","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antibiotic stewardship is of paramount importance to limit the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in not only hospital settings, but also in animal husbandry, aquaculture, and agricultural sectors. Currently, large quantities of antibiotics are applied to treat agricultural diseases like citrus greening disease (CGD). The two commonly used antibiotics approved for this purpose are streptomycin and oxytetracycline. Although investigations are ongoing to understand how efficient this process is to control the spread of CGD, to our knowledge, there have been no studies that evaluate the effect of environmental factors such as sunlight on the efficacy of the above-mentioned antibiotics. We conducted a simple disc-diffusion assay to study the efficacy of streptomycin and oxytetracycline after exposure to sunlight for 7- or 14-day periods using\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the representative strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, respectively. Freshly prepared discs and discs stored in the dark for 7 or 14 days served as our controls. We show that the antibiotic potential of oxytetracycline exposed to sunlight dramatically decreases over the course of 14 days against both\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, the effectiveness of streptomycin was only moderately impacted by sunlight. It is important to note that antibiotics that last longer in the environment may play a deleterious role in the rise and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Further studies are needed to substantively analyze the safety and efficacy of antibiotics used for broader environmental applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.645175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T01:20:58Z","timestamp":1622510458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effect of Sunlight on the Efficacy of Commercial Antibiotics Used in Agriculture"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sebastian J.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Osborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prahathees J.","family":"Eswara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.19.01391","article-title":"Dynamics of candidatus liberibacter asiaticus movement and sieve-pore plugging in citrus sink cells.","volume":"182","author":"Achor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00016","article-title":"Control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) on apple trees with trunk-injected plant resistance inducers and antibiotics and assessment of induction of pathogenesis-related protein genes.","volume":"6","author":"Acimovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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