{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:20:01Z","timestamp":1780694401676,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017055","name":"NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungus-growing termites are engaged in a tripartite mutualism with intestinal microbes and a monocultivar (<jats:italic>Termitomyces<\/jats:italic> sp.) in the fungus garden. The termites are often plagued by entomopathogen (<jats:italic>Metarhizium anisopliae<\/jats:italic>) and fungus garden is always threatened by competitors (<jats:italic>Xylaria<\/jats:italic> spp.). Here, we aim to understand the defensive role of intestinal microbes, the actinomycetes which were isolated from the gut of <jats:italic>Macrotermes barneyi<\/jats:italic>. We obtained 44 antifungal isolates, which showed moderate to strong inhibition to <jats:italic>Xylaria<\/jats:italic> sp. HPLC analysis indicated that different types of polyenes (tetraene, pentene, and heptaene) existed in the metabolites of 10 strong antifungal <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> strains. Two pentene macrolides (pentamycin and 1\u203214-dihydroxyisochainin) were firstly purified from <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> strain HF10, both exhibiting higher activity against <jats:italic>Xylaria<\/jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>M. anisopliae<\/jats:italic> than cultivar <jats:italic>Termitomyces<\/jats:italic>. Subsequently, tetraene and heptaene related gene disruption assay showed that the mutant strains lost the ability to produce corresponding polyenes, and they also had significantly decreased activities against <jats:italic>Xylaria<\/jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>M. anisopliae<\/jats:italic> compared to that of wild type strains. These results indicate that polyene-producing <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> from the guts of <jats:italic>M. barneyi<\/jats:italic> have strong inhibition to competitor fungus and polyenes contribute to inhibitory effects on <jats:italic>Xylaria<\/jats:italic> sp.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.649962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T04:58:55Z","timestamp":1617253135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Polyene-Producing Streptomyces spp. From the Fungus-Growing Termite Macrotermes barneyi Exhibit High Inhibitory Activity Against the Antagonistic Fungus Xylaria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moli","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14887","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222313099","article-title":"The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts.","volume":"99","author":"Aanen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. 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