{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:10:19Z","timestamp":1792613419100,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"Colisitin-associated resistance in bacteria of food producing animals has gained significant attention with the mcr<\/jats:italic> gene being linked with resistance. Recently, newer variants of mcr<\/jats:italic> have emerged with more than nine variants currently recognized. Reports of mcr<\/jats:italic> associated resistance in Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> of poultry appear to be relatively limited, but its prevalence requires assessment since poultry is one of the most important and cheapest sources of the world\u2019s protein and the emergence of resistance could limit our ability to treat disease outbreaks. Here, 107 E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from production poultry were screened for the presence of mcr 1\u20139<\/jats:italic>. The isolates were collected between April 2015 and June 2016 from broiler chickens and free-range layer hens in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. All isolates were recovered from the trachea and cloaca of healthy birds and an additional two isolates were recovered from sick birds diagnosed with colibacillosis. All isolates were screened for the presence of mcr-1<\/jats:italic> to 9<\/jats:italic> using PCR and Sanger sequencing for confirmation of positive genes. Additionally, pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, avian fecal E. coli<\/jats:italic> (APEC) virulence associated gene screening, plasmid replicon typing and antimicrobial resistance phenotype and resistance gene screening, were also carried out to further characterize these isolates. The mcr-1<\/jats:italic> gene was detected in 62 (57.9%) isolates (61 healthy and 1 APEC) and the mcr-5<\/jats:italic> gene was detected in 3 (2.8%) isolates; mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-6, mcr-7, mcr-8<\/jats:italic>, and mcr-9<\/jats:italic> were not detected in any isolate. In addition, mcr 1<\/jats:italic> and 5<\/jats:italic> positive isolates were phenotypically resistant to colistin using the agar dilution assay (&gt; 8ug\/ml). PFGE analysis found that most of the isolates screened had unique fingerprints suggesting that the emergence of colistin resistance was not the result of clonal dissemination. Plasmid replicon types IncI2, FIB<\/jats:italic>, and B\/O<\/jats:italic> were found in 38, 36, and 34% of the mcr<\/jats:italic> positive isolates and were the most prevalent replicon types detected; tetA<\/jats:italic> and tetB<\/jats:italic> (32 and 26%, respectively) were the most prevalent antimicrobial resistance genes detected and iutA<\/jats:italic>, was the most prevalent APEC virulence associated gene, detected in 50% of the isolates. Approximately 32% of the isolates examined could be classified as APEC-like, based on the presence of 3 or more genes of APEC virulence associated path panel (iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss, iutA<\/jats:italic>). This study has identified a high prevalence of mcr-1<\/jats:italic> in poultry isolates in Brazil, suggesting that animal husbandry practices could result in a potential source of resistance to the human food chain in countries where application of colistin in animal health is practiced. Emergence of the mcr<\/jats:italic> gene and associated colisitin resistance in production poultry warrants continued monitoring from the animal health and human health perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.659613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T06:23:07Z","timestamp":1618899787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["mcr-1 Identified in Fecal Escherichia coli and Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC) From Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nicolle Lima","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon Loureiro","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayanne Araujo","family":"de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa K.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miliane Moreira Soares","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Logue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-017-2402-x","article-title":"Farm-level evaluation of enrofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens during a rearing period.","volume":"26","author":"Abdi-Hachesoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comparat. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Investigation of antibiotic resistance patterns in Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens with colibacillosis to ten antibacterial agents commonly used in the Iranian poultry industry.","volume":"14","author":"Azizpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comparat. Pathobiol. Iran"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072322","article-title":"Genotypes and pathogenicity of cellulitis isolates reveal traits that modulate APEC virulence.","volume":"8","author":"Barbieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1815","article-title":"Molecular characterization and clonal relationships among Escherichia coli strains isolated from broiler chickens with colisepticemia.","volume":"12","author":"Barbieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172997","article-title":"mcr-1 identified in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC).","volume":"12","author":"Barbieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.111099","article-title":"Chicken as reservoir for extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in humans, Canada.","volume":"18","author":"Bergeron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (O:6,8) in broiler chickens.","volume":"44","author":"Bezerra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx327","article-title":"Identification of a novel transposon-associated phosphoethanolamine transferase gene, mcr-5, conferring colistin resistance in d-tartrate fermenting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B.","volume":"72","author":"Borowiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0762-0","article-title":"Diversity of Escherichia coli strains involved in vertebral osteomyelitis and arthritis in broilers in Brazil.","volume":"12","author":"Braga","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.46.10.3156-3163.2002","article-title":"Beta-lactamases in ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from foods, humans, and healthy animals.","volume":"46","author":"Brinas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.03.018","article-title":"Identification of plasmids by PCR-based replicon typing.","volume":"63","author":"Carattoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2017.22.31.30589","article-title":"Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-4 gene in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, Italy 2013, Spain and Belgium, 2015 to 2016.","volume":"22","author":"Carattoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00455-08","article-title":"Specific roles of the iroBCDEN genes in virulence of an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O78 strain and in production of salmochelins.","volume":"76","author":"Caza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B14","year":"2015","journal-title":"State of the World\u2019s Antibiotics."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12019","article-title":"The Clermont Escherichia coli phylo-typing method revisited: improvement of specificity and detection of new phylo-groups.","volume":"5","author":"Clermont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"B16","year":"2017","journal-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171642","article-title":"Different antibiotic growth promoters induce specific changes in the cecal microbiota membership of broiler chicken.","volume":"12","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00380","article-title":"Characterization of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) associated with turkey Cellulitis in Iowa.","volume":"7","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1934","article-title":"Prevalence of ColV plasmid-linked genes and in vivo pathogenicity of avian strains of Escherichia coli.","volume":"12","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B20","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicines Containing Enrofloxacin to be Administered Via the Drinking Water to Chickens and\/or Turkeys: European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"B21","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poultry Development Review."},{"key":"B22","year":"2005","journal-title":"Withdrawal of Enrofloxacin for Poultry."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6415","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01325-16","article-title":"First report of the globally disseminated IncX4 plasmid carrying the mcr-1 gene in a colistin-resistant Escherichia coli ST101 isolated from a Human Infection in Brazil.","volume":"60","author":"Fernandes","year":"","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2016.21.17.30214","article-title":"Silent dissemination of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in South America could contribute to the global spread of the mcr-1 gene.","volume":"21","author":"Fernandes","year":"","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Economic losses of main causes of condemnation of the broiler carcass in a slaughterhouse under federal inspection on rio grande do sul, Brazil.","volume":"40","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-143","article-title":"Roles of iron acquisition systems in virulence of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: salmochelin and aerobactin contribute more to virulence than heme in a chicken infection model.","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00056-13","article-title":"Integrons: past, present, and future.","volume":"78","author":"Gillings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.005850-0","article-title":"Emergence of carbapenem-non-susceptible extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates at the university hospital of Tubingen, Germany.","author":"Grobner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6433","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01147-16","article-title":"Increasing trends in mcr-1 prevalence among ESBL-producing E. coli in French calves despite decreasing exposure to colistin.","volume":"60","author":"Haenni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02368.x","article-title":"Mobile gene cassettes and integrons: capture and spread of genes by site-specific recombination.","volume":"15","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1637\/10503-012513-Reg.1","article-title":"Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chicken flocks in Egypt.","volume":"57","author":"Hussein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian. Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159863","article-title":"Prevalence of mcr-1 in E. coli from Livestock and Food in Germany, 2010-2015.","volume":"11","author":"Irrgang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00143","article-title":"Virulence-associated genes in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from internal organs of poultry having died from colibacillosis.","volume":"291","author":"Janssen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intl. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-999-4_3","article-title":"Plasmid replicon typing.","volume":"551","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00816-08","article-title":"Identification of minimal predictors of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli virulence for use as a rapid diagnostic tool.","volume":"46","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","article-title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli.","volume":"2","author":"Kaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00965-19","article-title":"mcr-9, an inducible gene encoding an acquired phosphoethanolamine transferase in Escherichia coli, and Its Origin.","volume":"63","author":"Kieffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"457","article-title":"Colibacilose avi\u00e1ria.","volume":"2","author":"Kn\u00f6bl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Doen\u00e7as Aves"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1888","article-title":"Evaluation of the antibiotic resistance and virulence of Escherichia coli strains isolated from chicken carcasses in 2007 and 2013 from Parana, Brazil.","volume":"12","author":"Koga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1590\/sajs.2014\/20130347","article-title":"Escherichia coli with virulence factors and multidrug resistance in the Plankenburg River.","volume":"110","author":"Lamprecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7","article-title":"Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study.","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01611-15","article-title":"Dias da Silveira W. complete genomic sequence of an avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli strain of serotype O7:HNT.","volume":"4","author":"Maluta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"B43","year":"2009","journal-title":"MdA, Pecu\u00e1ria e Abastecimento. Instru\u00e7\u00e3o Normativa n\u00b0 26, de 9 de Julho de 2009, Regulamento T\u00e9cnico Para a Fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o, o Controle de Qualidade, a Comercializa\u00e7\u00e3o e o Emprego de Produtos Antimicrobianos de Uso Veterin\u00e1rio."},{"key":"B44","year":"2017","journal-title":"MdA, Pecu\u00e1ria e Abastecimento. Instru\u00e7\u00e3o Normativa n\u00b0 41, de 23 de Outubro de 2017, Institui o Programa de Nacional de Preven\u00e7\u00e3o e Controle da Resist\u00eancia aos Antimicrobianos na Agropecu\u00e1ria."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.42.12.5444-5452.2004","article-title":"Heterogeneity among virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles of extraintestinal Escherichia coli isolates of animal and human origin.","volume":"42","author":"Maynard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl211","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in different environments (humans, food, animal farms and sewage).","volume":"58","author":"Mesa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-2-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens and humans.","volume":"2","author":"Miles","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00337-16","article-title":"Use of colistin and other critical antimicrobials on pig and chicken farms in southern vietnam and its association with resistance in commensal Escherichia coli Bacteria.","volume":"82","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199.ch18","article-title":"\u201cColibacillosis,\u201d in","author":"Nolan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diseases of Poultry"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2739-0","article-title":"Screening of plasmid-mediated MCR-1 colistin-resistance from bacteremia.","volume":"35","author":"Nordmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect Dis."},{"key":"B51","year":"2021","journal-title":"OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020-2029 Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(2020)."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.2000.070","article-title":"Integrons: an antibiotic resistance gene capture and expression system.","volume":"38","author":"Ploy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966-842x(97)01123-2","article-title":"Origins of the mobile gene cassettes found in integrons.","volume":"5","author":"Recchia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.59","article-title":"Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet.","volume":"3","author":"Ribot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.80255","article-title":"Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Escherichia coli patog\u00eanica avi\u00e1ria (APEC) e de Escherichia coli uropatog\u00eanica (UPEC) em grupos filogen\u00e9ticos e associa\u00e7\u00e3o com a patogenicidade in vivo.","volume":"45","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00061-X","article-title":"Early emergence of mcr-1 in Escherichia coli from food-producing animals.","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01285-07","article-title":"Diversity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and class C beta-lactamases among cloacal Escherichia coli Isolates in Belgian broiler farms.","volume":"52","author":"Smet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00804-16","article-title":"mcr-1 in multidrug-resistant blaKPC-2 clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Singapore.","volume":"54","author":"Teo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3140-3","article-title":"Evaluation of colistin stability in agar and comparison of four methods for MIC testing of colistin.","volume":"37","author":"Turlej-Rogacka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B60","year":"2019","journal-title":"Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw181","article-title":"Location of colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Enterobacteriaceae from livestock and meat.","volume":"71","author":"Veldman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.Es.2016.21.27.30280","article-title":"Identification of a novel plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene, mcr-2, in Escherichia coli, Belgium, June 2016.","volume":"21","author":"Xavier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.S194635","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from market retail fruits in Guangzhou, China.","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00543-17","article-title":"Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Escherichia coli.","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7498","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01165-16","article-title":"Kluyvera ascorbata strain from hospital sewage carrying the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene.","volume":"60","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.12.3647-3650.2001","article-title":"Identification and expression of Cephamycinase bla cmy Genes in Escherichia coli and Saomonella isolates from food animals and ground meat.","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrobial. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.659613\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T06:23:15Z","timestamp":1618899795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.659613\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2021.659613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.659613","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"article-number":"659613"}}