{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:02:31Z","timestamp":1792450951073,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen with an increase in the frequency of infections caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains, limiting the available therapeutic options. The most troublesome resistance is the acquisition and production of carbapenemases such as Verona integron-encoded metallo-\u03b2-lactamases (VIM), the most frequent and widespread, and the\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    carbapenemases (KPC), which has continuously spread in the last decade. Its dissemination is linked to their location on mobile genetic elements (MGEs). In Colombia, VIM and KPC have been increasing in its frequency showing major successful dissemination. In this article, we molecularly characterized and analyzed the genetic context of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>VIM<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>KPC<\/jats:sub>\n                    in carbapenem-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CRPA) isolates from infected and colonized patients in two tertiary-care hospitals, one in Medell\u00edn and the other in a municipality close to Medell\u00edn, both areas with high carbapenemase endemicity in Colombia (2013\u20132015). Using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), we identified a remarkable variety of genetic backgrounds in these MDR\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates carrying\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>KPC\u2013<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>VIM\u2013<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . There were a diversity of class 1 integron and variations in the gene cassettes associated to\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>VIM\u2013<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , as well as a possible event of spread of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>KPC\u2013<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    mediated by a plasmid that contained part of Tn\n                    <jats:italic>4401<\/jats:italic>\n                    b in one infection case. The dissemination of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>VIM\u2013<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>KPC\u2013<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    in this area in Colombia has been strongly influenced by successful international clones, carrying these genes and additional determinants of resistance on MGEs, accompanied by gene rearrangement under an antimicrobial selection pressure. These findings emphasize the need to implement control strategies based on rational antibiotic use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.663020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T11:38:24Z","timestamp":1630928304000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Carrying blaVIM\u20132 and blaKPC\u20132 Genes That Spread on Different Genetic Environment in Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Rada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"De La Cadena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Agudelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Pallares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda V.","family":"Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Capataz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.01.014","article-title":"Rates of gastrointestinal tract colonization of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitals in Saudi Arabia.","volume":"10","author":"Abdalhamid","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Microbes. 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