{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T02:59:29Z","timestamp":1789873169320,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vancomycin-resistant <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic> (VREF) and methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) are associated with significant health burden. We investigated linezolid and daptomycin resistance among VREF and MRSA in the EU\/EEA between 2014 and 2018. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used to analyze 6,949 VREF and 35,131 MRSA blood isolates from patients with bloodstream infection. The population-weighted mean proportion of linezolid resistance in VREF and MRSA between 2014 and 2018 was 1.6% (95% CI 1.33\u20132.03%) and 0.28% (95% CI 0.32\u20130.38%), respectively. Daptomycin resistance in MRSA isolates was similarly low [1.1% (95% CI 0.75\u20131.6%)]. On the European level, there was no temporal change of daptomycin and linezolid resistance in MRSA and VREF. Multivariable regression analyses showed that there was a higher likelihood of linezolid and daptomycin resistance in MRSA (aOR: 2.74, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; aOR: 2.25, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and linezolid in VREF (aOR: 1.99, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) compared to their sensitive isolates. The low proportion of linezolid and daptomycin resistance in VREF and MRSA suggests that these last-resort antibiotics remain effective and will continue to play an important role in the clinical management of these infections in Europe. However, regional and national efforts to contain antimicrobial resistance should continue to monitor the trend through strengthened surveillance that includes genomic surveillance for early warning and action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.664199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T08:14:32Z","timestamp":1622448872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Low Proportion of Linezolid and Daptomycin Resistance Among Bloodborne Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Europe"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Robby","family":"Markwart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Willrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Eckmanns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaniyi","family":"Ayobami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.12.011","article-title":"In vitro analysis of resistance selection by linezolid in vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium.","volume":"34","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw108","article-title":"Linezolid-resistant cfr-positive MRSA, Italy.","volume":"71","author":"Antonelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1769500","article-title":"The ongoing challenge of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in Europe: an epidemiological analysis of bloodstream infections.","volume":"9","author":"Ayobami","year":"","journal-title":"Emerging Microb. Infect."},{"key":"B4","article-title":"The epidemiology of carbapenem-non-susceptible Acinetobacter species in Europe: analysis of EARS-Net data from 2013 to 2017.","volume":"9","author":"Ayobami","year":"","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Contr."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000566","article-title":"Detection of high levels of resistance to linezolid and vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"66","author":"Azhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2018.10.002","article-title":"Update on prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to linezolid, tigecycline and daptomycin in enterococci in Europe: Towards a common nomenclature.","volume":"40","author":"Bender","year":"","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.009","article-title":"Rapid emergence of highly variable and transferable oxazolidinone and phenicol resistance gene optrA in German Enterococcus spp. clinical isolates.","volume":"52","author":"Bender","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.10.018","article-title":"The emerging problem of linezolid-resistant enterococci.","volume":"13","author":"Bi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"765","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical outcome of Healthcare-Associated Infections: a 4-year experience of an Italian ICU.","volume":"81","author":"Boncagni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.02.006","article-title":"Attributable mortality of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in Ireland.","volume":"96","author":"Brady","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hospit. Infect."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv438","article-title":"Detection in Italy of two clinical Enterococcus faecium isolates carrying both the oxazolidinone and phenicol resistance gene optrA and a silent multiresistance gene cfr.","volume":"71","author":"Brenciani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1086\/318717","article-title":"Attributable Mortality Rate and Duration of Hospital Stay Associated with Enterococcal Bacteremia.","volume":"32","author":"Caballero-Granado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2011.07.007","article-title":"Co-resistance: an opportunity for the bacteria and resistance genes.","volume":"11","author":"Cant\u00f3n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4","article-title":"Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Cassini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.09.009","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms and clinical characteristics of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates: A single-centre study in South Korea.","volume":"12","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2010.09.008","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes from daptomycin or linezolid treatment for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infection: A retrospective, multicenter, cohort study.","volume":"32","author":"Crank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Therapeut."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.3201\/1108.050103","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter extremity infections in soldiers.","volume":"11","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02067-15","article-title":"Emergence of cfr-Mediated Linezolid Resistance in a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Epidemic Clone Isolated from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis.","volume":"60","author":"de Dios Caballero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky477","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in Canadian ICUs: results of the CANWARD 2007 to 2016 study.","volume":"74","author":"Denisuik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky188","article-title":"Evolving oxazolidinone resistance mechanisms in a worldwide collection of enterococcal clinical isolates: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program.","volume":"73","author":"Deshpande","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa075","article-title":"Linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from hospitalized patients in Ireland: high prevalence of the MDR genes optrA and poxtA in isolates with diverse genetic backgrounds.","volume":"75","author":"Egan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B22","year":"","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: Tessy Reporting Protocol (2018)."},{"key":"B23","year":"","journal-title":"External quality assessment of laboratory performance - European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net), 2017."},{"key":"B24","year":"","journal-title":"Incidence and attributable mortality of healthcare-associated infections in intensive care units in Europe, 2008\u20132012 Stockholm."},{"key":"B25","year":"","journal-title":"Antimicrobial consumption in the EU\/EEA: Annual epidemiological report for 2018."},{"key":"B26","year":"","journal-title":"Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe 2018."},{"key":"B27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe 2019."},{"key":"B28","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Statistical Recovery Dashboard."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt331","article-title":"Cfr-mediated linezolid resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus associated with clinical infections in humans: two case reports.","volume":"69","author":"Fe\u00dfler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.026385-0","article-title":"The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus.","volume":"155","author":"Fisher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.12.009","article-title":"In vitro activity of linezolid as assessed through the 2013 LEADER surveillance program.","volume":"81","author":"Flamm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagnost. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18","article-title":"The Enterococcus: a Model of Adaptability to Its Environment.","volume":"32","author":"Garc\u00eda-Solache","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2607-y","article-title":"Invasive enterococcal infections in Poland: the current epidemiological situation.","volume":"35","author":"Gawryszewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2934-7","article-title":"Linezolid-resistant enterococci in Polish hospitals: species, clonality and determinants of linezolid resistance.","volume":"36","author":"Gawryszewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1911","article-title":"Synergistic, collaterally sensitive \u03b2-lactam combinations suppress resistance in MRSA.","volume":"11","author":"Gonzales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq528","article-title":"Clinical experience with daptomycin in Europe: the first 2.5 years.","volume":"66","author":"Gonzalez-Ruiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"3","article-title":"[Antibiotic Resistance of MRSA in the Russian Federation].","volume":"60","author":"Gostev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antibiot Khimioter"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.s164515","article-title":"Linezolid: a review of its properties, function, and use in critical care.","volume":"12","author":"Hashemian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx349","article-title":"Daptomycin.","volume":"73","author":"Heidary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.21282","article-title":"Intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in Enterococcus.","volume":"3","author":"Hollenbeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.06.002","article-title":"Linezolid activity against clinical Gram-positive cocci with advanced antimicrobial drug resistance in Iran.","volume":"10","author":"Houri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B42","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci infections in Zhejiang China from 2015 to 2017.","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Contr."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2017.03.003","article-title":"Activity of telavancin against Gram-positive pathogens isolated from bone and joint infections in North American, Latin American, European and Asia-Pacific nations.","volume":"88","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagnost. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777x.157245","article-title":"Study of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Special Reference to Newer Antibiotic.","volume":"7","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glob. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0419-9","article-title":"The importance of adjusting for enterococcus species when assessing the burden of vancomycin resistance: a cohort study including over 1000 cases of enterococcal bloodstream infections.","volume":"7","author":"Kramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B46","article-title":"Linezolid use in German acute care hospitals: results from two consecutive national point prevalence surveys.","volume":"8","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Contr."},{"key":"B47","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, India, 2013\u20132015.","volume":"22","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00020-18","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology.","volume":"31","author":"Lakhundi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx292","article-title":"Novel multiresistance cfr plasmids in linezolid-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) from a hospital outbreak: co-location of cfr and optrA in VRE.","volume":"72","author":"Lazaris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B50","author":"Lumley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Package \u2018survey\u2019: Analysis of Complex Survey Samples."},{"key":"B51","article-title":"The rise in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Germany: data from the German Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (ARS).","volume":"8","author":"Markwart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Contr."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02418-x","article-title":"The antibiotic paradox: why companies can\u2019t afford to create life-saving drugs.","volume":"584","author":"McKenna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw052","article-title":"Surveillance for linezolid resistance via the Zyvox\u00a7Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum (ZAAPS) programme (2014): evolving resistance mechanisms with stable susceptibility rates.","volume":"71","author":"Mendes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a026997","article-title":"Mechanism of Action and Resistance to Daptomycin in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococci.","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.83","article-title":"Attributable Mortality of Healthcare-Associated Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"38","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.s54125","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and optimal management.","volume":"8","author":"O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12236","article-title":"Incidence, clinical characteristics and 30-day mortality of enterococcal bacteraemia in Denmark 2006\u20132009: a population-based cohort study.","volume":"20","author":"Pinholt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9343(96)00014-9","article-title":"Nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia among nasal carriers of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible strains.","volume":"100","author":"Pujol","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"3324","article-title":"[Investigation of molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in department of critical care medicine].","volume":"96","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B60","year":"2019","journal-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"68","article-title":"Use of linezolid in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units.","volume":"22","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit614","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Therapy: Past, Present, and Future.","volume":"58","author":"Rodvold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimce.2020.03.007","article-title":"Detection of a cfr-positive MRSA CC398 strain in a pig farmer in Spain.","volume":"39","author":"Ruiz-Ripa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Enfermedades Infecciosas Microbiol. Cl\u00edn."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8081155","article-title":"Mechanisms of Linezolid Resistance Among Enterococci of Clinical Origin in Spain-Detection of optrA- and cfr(D)-Carrying E. faecalis.","volume":"8","author":"Ruiz-Ripa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz097","article-title":"Emergence of optrA-mediated linezolid resistance in enterococci from France, 2006\u201316.","volume":"74","author":"Sassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059215","article-title":"Low Prevalence of Cfr-Mediated Linezolid Resistance among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Spanish Hospital: Case Report on Linezolid Resistance Acquired during Linezolid Therapy.","volume":"8","author":"Sierra","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.46.1800516","article-title":"Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections, estimated incidence and composite antimicrobial resistance index in acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities: results from two European point prevalence surveys, 2016 to 2017.","volume":"23","author":"Suetens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.994","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus bacteremia: An evaluation of treatment with linezolid or daptomycin.","volume":"7","author":"Twilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hospit. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0222-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility among Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms collected from the Latin American region between 2004 and 2015 as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial.","volume":"16","author":"Vega","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530080055041","article-title":"The Prevalence of Nosocomial Infection in Intensive Care Units in Europe: Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study.","volume":"274","author":"Vincent","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa271","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonizing patients on hospital admission in Germany: prevalence and molecular epidemiology.","volume":"75","author":"Xanthopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B72","first-page":"GC07","article-title":"Linezolid and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci: A Therapeutic Problem.","volume":"11","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138895","article-title":"No Outbreak of Vancomycin and Linezolid Resistance in Staphylococcal Pneumonia over a 10-Year Period.","volume":"10","author":"Yayan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1922","article-title":"Role of Combination Antimicrobial Therapy for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Infections: Review of the Current Evidence.","volume":"37","author":"Yim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3269-8","article-title":"A high incidence and coexistence of multiresistance genes cfr and optrA among linezolid-resistant enterococci isolated from a teaching hospital in Wenzhou, China.","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0590-7","article-title":"Economic burden of antibiotic resistance in ESKAPE organisms: a systematic review.","volume":"8","author":"Zhen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.664199\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T08:14:55Z","timestamp":1622448895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.664199\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2021.664199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.664199","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"article-number":"664199"}}