{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T19:18:08Z","timestamp":1787944688510,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003748","name":"Svenska S\u00e4llskapet f\u00f6r Medicinsk Forskning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The foodborne pathogen<jats:italic>Yersinia enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>causes gastrointestinal infections worldwide. In the spring of 2019, the Swedish Public Health Agency and Statens Serum Institut in Denmark independently identified an outbreak caused by<jats:italic>Yersinia enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>4\/O:3 that after sequence comparison turned out to be a cross-border outbreak. A trace-back investigation suggested shipments of fresh prewashed spinach from Italy as a common source for the outbreak. Here, we determined the genome sequences of five<jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>clinical isolates during the Swedish outbreak using a combination of Illumina HiSeq short-read and Nanopore Technologies\u2019 MinION long-read whole-genome sequencing. WGS results showed that all clinical strains have a fully assembled chromosome of approximately 4.6 Mbp in size and a 72-kbp virulence plasmid; one of the strains was carrying an additional 5.7-kbp plasmid, pYE-tet. All strains showed a high pathogen probability score (87.5%) with associated genes for virulence, all of which are closely related to an earlier clinical strain Y11 from Germany. In addition, we identified a chromosomally encoded multidrug-resistance cassette carrying resistance genes against chloramphenicol (<jats:italic>catA1<\/jats:italic>), streptomycin (<jats:italic>aadA1<\/jats:italic>), sulfonamides (<jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>), and a mercury resistance module. This chromosomally encoded Tn<jats:italic>2670<\/jats:italic>transposon has previously been reported associated with IncFII plasmids in<jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>: a<jats:italic>Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>clinical isolate from Japan in 1950s, a<jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>outbreak from Australia in 1997, and<jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>serovar Typhimurium. Interestingly, we identified an additional 5.7-kbp plasmid with<jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>B (encoding an ABC transporter),<jats:italic>Rep<\/jats:italic>, and its own ORI and ORIt sites, sharing high homology with small<jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>B-<jats:italic>Rep<\/jats:italic>plasmids from<jats:italic>Pasteurellaceae<\/jats:italic>. This is the first time that Tn<jats:italic>2670<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Pasteurellaceae<\/jats:italic>plasmids have been reported in<jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>. Taken together, our study showed that the Swedish<jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>outbreak strains acquired multi-antibiotic and metal-resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer, suggesting a potential reservoir of intraspecies dissemination of multidrug-resistance genes among foodborne pathogens. This study also highlights the concern of food-chain contamination of prewashed vegetables as a perpetual hazard against public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.664665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T07:14:55Z","timestamp":1620890095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Yersinia enterocolitica From Foodborne Outbreaks in Sweden"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Philip A.","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Tano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Jernberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef D.","family":"J\u00e4rhult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5575","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001485","article-title":"Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the \u2018Enterobacteriales\u2019: Proposal for enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov.","volume":"66","author":"Adeolu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11121504","article-title":"Genomic Investigation into the Virulome, Pathogenicity, Stress Response Factors, Clonal Lineages, and Phylogenetic Relationship of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Meat Sources in Ghana.","volume":"11","author":"Adzitey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9050235","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9050235","article-title":"The most important virulence markers of yersinia enterocolitica and their role during infection.","volume":"9","author":"Bancerz-Kisiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1167700","article-title":"Yersiniosis - a zoonotic foodborne disease of relevance to public health.","volume":"22","author":"Bancerz-Kisiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. 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