{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:55:03Z","timestamp":1767840903419,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic> produces botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which can lead to death if untreated. In the United States, over 90% of wound botulism cases are associated with injection drug use of black tar heroin. We sought to determine the phylogenetic relatedness of <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic> isolated from an injection drug use wound botulism case and isolates from endogenous infant botulism cases in Hawaii. Nineteen <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic> type B isolates from Hawaii and one type B isolate from California were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. The botulinum toxin gene (<jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>) subtype was determined using CLC Genomics Workbench, and the seven-gene multi-locus sequence type (MLST) was identified by querying PubMLST. Mashtree and pairwise average nucleotide identity were used to find nearest neighbors, and Lyve-SET approximated a phylogeny. Eighteen of the isolates harbored the <jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>\/B5 gene: of those, 17 were classified as sequence type ST36 and one was classified as ST104. A single isolate from Hawaii harbored <jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>\/B1 and was determined to belong to ST110, and the isolate from California harbored <jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>\/B1 and belonged to ST30. A tree constructed with Lyve-SET showed a high degree of homology among all the Hawaiian <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic> isolates that harbor the <jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>\/B5 gene. Our results indicate that the <jats:italic>bont<\/jats:italic>\/B-expressing isolates recovered from Hawaii are closely related to each other, suggesting local contamination of the drug paraphernalia or the wound itself with spores rather than contamination of the drug at manufacture or during transport. These findings may assist in identifying interventions to decrease wound botulism among persons who inject drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.678473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T11:20:14Z","timestamp":1626952814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Clostridium botulinum Type B Isolated From a Wound Botulism Case Due to Injection Drug Use Resembles Other Local Strains Originating From Hawaii"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Halpin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Foltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet K.","family":"Dykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Chatham-Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"L\u00faquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Andrews","year":"2010","journal-title":"FastQC A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data [Online]."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a New Genome Assembly Algorithm and Its Applications to Single-Cell Sequencing.","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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