{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:33:27Z","timestamp":1791480807371,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study investigated the effects of ferulic acid (FA) on the growth performance, serum cytokine profile, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota in ducks at the growing stage. 300 female <jats:italic>Linwu<\/jats:italic> ducks at 28 days of age with similar body weights were randomly divided into five groups. Each group contained six replicates of 10 birds. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean-based diet supplemented with FA at the concentrations of 0 (control), 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg\/kg diet. The results demonstrated that dietary FA at the levels of 200, 400, and 800 mg\/kg increased the average daily gain (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01), 400 and 800 mg\/kg FA increased the final body weight (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02), 100, 200, and 800 mg\/kg FA increased the serum glutathione (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01), and 100, 400, and 800 mg\/kg FA increased the glutathione peroxidase activities in birds (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). Additionally, 200, 400, and 800 mg\/kg dietary FA lowered the serum levels of interleukin-2 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02) and interleukin-6 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04). Moreover, the morphometric study of the intestines indicated that 400 mg\/kg FA decreased the crypt depth in jejunum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01) and caecum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04), and increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in jejunum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02). Significant linear and\/or quadratic relationships were found between FA concentration and the measured parameters. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that dietary FA increased the populations of genera <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Paludicola<\/jats:italic>, RF39, and <jats:italic>Faecalicoccus<\/jats:italic> in the cecum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), whereas decreased the populations of <jats:italic>Anaerofilum<\/jats:italic> and UCG-002 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). The Spearman correlation analysis indicated that phylum <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic> were negatively, but order <jats:italic>Oscillospirales<\/jats:italic>, and family <jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic> were positively related to the parameters of the growth performance. Phylum <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>, class <jats:italic>Negativicutes<\/jats:italic> and family <jats:italic>Rikenellaceae<\/jats:italic> were negatively associated with the parameters of the antioxidative capability. And phylum <jats:italic>Cyanobacteria<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Elusimicrobia<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>, class <jats:italic>Bacilli<\/jats:italic>, family <jats:italic>Rikenellaceae<\/jats:italic>, and genus <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> were positively associated with the parameters of the immunological capability. Thus, it was concluded that the supplementations of 400 mg\/kg FA in diet was able to improve the growth performance, antioxidative and immunological capabilities, intestinal morphology, and modulated the gut microbial construction of <jats:italic>Linwu<\/jats:italic> ducks at the growing stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.698213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T07:40:37Z","timestamp":1626162037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effects of Dietary Ferulic Acid on the Intestinal Microbiota and the Associated Changes on the Growth Performance, Serum Cytokine Profile, and Intestinal Morphology in Ducks"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guitao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuzhong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingguo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Effect of propolis as additive on some behavioural patterns, performance and blood parameters in muscovy broiler ducks.","volume":"3","author":"Abdel-Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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