{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:27:40Z","timestamp":1790908060763,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Mycobacterium lepromatosis<\/jats:italic> was identified as a new species and second causal agent of Hansen\u2019s disease (HD, or leprosy) in 2008, 150years after the disease was first attributed to <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic> has been implicated in a small number of HD cases, and clinical aspects of HD caused by <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic> are poorly characterized. HD is a recognized zoonosis through transmission of <jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic> from armadillos, but the role of <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic> as a zoonotic agent of HD is unknown. <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic> was initially associated with diffuse lepromatous leprosy, but subsequent case reports and surveys have linked it to other forms of HD. HD caused by <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic> has been reported from three endemic countries: Brazil, Myanmar, and Philippines, and three non-endemic countries: Mexico, Malaysia, and United States. Contact with armadillos in Mexico was mentioned in 2\/21 <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic> HD case reports since 2008. <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic> in animals has been investigated only in non-endemic countries, in squirrels and chipmunks in Europe, white-throated woodrats in Mexico, and armadillos in the United States. To date, there have only been a small number of positive findings in Eurasian red squirrels in Britain and Ireland. A single study of environmental samples found no <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic> in soil from a Scottish red squirrel habitat. Future studies must focus on endemic countries to determine the true proportion of HD cases caused by <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic>, and whether viable <jats:italic>M. lepromatosis<\/jats:italic> occurs in non-human sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.698588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T05:21:35Z","timestamp":1631251295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Mycobacterium lepromatosis as a Second Agent of Hansen\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Deps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon M.","family":"Collin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.18004\/rdn2020.dic.02.107.115","article-title":"Necrotizing erythema nodosumin lepromatous leprosy associated with mixed infection by mycobacterium lepromatosis and mycobacterium leprae case report","volume":"12","author":"Aldama Olmedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. 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