{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:14:09Z","timestamp":1769879649953,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viruses play vital biogeochemical and ecological roles by (a) expressing auxiliary metabolic genes during infection, (b) enhancing the lateral transfer of host genes, and (c) inducing host mortality. Even in harsh and extreme environments, viruses are major players in carbon and nutrient recycling from organic matter. However, there is much that we do not yet understand about viruses and the processes mediated by them in the extreme environments such as hypersaline habitats. The Great Salt Lake (GSL) in Utah, United States is a hypersaline ecosystem where the biogeochemical role of viruses is poorly understood. This study elucidates the diversity of viruses and describes virus\u2013host interactions in GSL sediments along a salinity gradient. The GSL sediment virosphere consisted of <jats:italic>Haloviruses<\/jats:italic> (32.07 \u00b1 19.33%) and members of families <jats:italic>Siphoviridae<\/jats:italic> (39.12 \u00b1 19.8%), <jats:italic>Myoviridae<\/jats:italic> (13.7 \u00b1 6.6%), and <jats:italic>Podoviridae<\/jats:italic> (5.43 \u00b1 0.64%). Our results demonstrate that salinity alongside the concentration of organic carbon and inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) governs the viral, bacteria, and archaeal diversity in this habitat. Computational host predictions for the GSL viruses revealed a wide host range with a dominance of viruses that infect <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>. Identification of auxiliary metabolic genes for photosynthesis (<jats:italic>psbA<\/jats:italic>), carbon fixation (<jats:italic>rbc<\/jats:italic>L, <jats:italic>cbb<\/jats:italic>L), formaldehyde assimilation (SHMT), and nitric oxide reduction (<jats:italic>Nor<\/jats:italic>Q) shed light on the roles played by GSL viruses in biogeochemical cycles of global relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.701414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T07:28:11Z","timestamp":1632814091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Viruses and Their Interactions With Bacteria and Archaea of Hypersaline Great Salt Lake"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bishav","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ananda S.","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe H.","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramesh K.","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0289-4","article-title":"Discovery of several novel, widespread, and ecologically distinct marine Thaumarchaeota viruses that encode amoC nitrification genes.","volume":"13","author":"Ahlgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms3030310","article-title":"Temporal Study of the Microbial Diversity of the North Arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah, U.S.","volume":"3","author":"Almeida-Dalmet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252229","article-title":"Sulfur oxidation genes in diverse deep-sea viruses.","volume":"344","author":"Anantharaman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109696","article-title":"Evolutionary strategies of viruses, bacteria and archaea in hydrothermal vent ecosystems revealed through metagenomics.","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B5","author":"Andrews","year":"2010","journal-title":"FastQC: a Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040368","article-title":"The marine viromes of four oceanic regions.","volume":"4","author":"Angly","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2015.04.001","article-title":"Haloviruses of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.","volume":"25","author":"Atanasova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. 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