{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:10:38Z","timestamp":1790795438377,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Double-stranded DNA viruses of the realm <jats:italic>Varidnaviria<\/jats:italic> (formerly PRD1-adenovirus lineage) are characterized by homologous major capsid proteins (MCPs) containing one (kingdom: <jats:italic>Helvetiavirae<\/jats:italic>) or two \u03b2-barrel domains (kingdom: <jats:italic>Bamfordvirae<\/jats:italic>) known as the jelly roll folds. Most of them also share homologous packaging ATPases (pATPases). Remarkably, <jats:italic>Varidnaviria<\/jats:italic> infect hosts from the three domains of life, suggesting that these viruses could be very ancient and share a common ancestor. Here, we analyzed the evolutionary history of <jats:italic>Varidnaviria<\/jats:italic> based on single and concatenated phylogenies of their MCPs and pATPases. We excluded <jats:italic>Adenoviridae<\/jats:italic> from our analysis as their MCPs and pATPases are too divergent. <jats:italic>Sphaerolipoviridae<\/jats:italic>, the only family in the kingdom <jats:italic>Helvetiavirae<\/jats:italic>, exhibit a complex history: their MCPs are very divergent from those of other <jats:italic>Varidnaviria<\/jats:italic>, as expected, but their pATPases groups them with <jats:italic>Bamfordvirae<\/jats:italic>. In single and concatenated trees, <jats:italic>Bamfordvirae<\/jats:italic> infecting archaea were grouped with those infecting bacteria, in contradiction with the cellular tree of life, whereas those infecting eukaryotes were organized into three monophyletic groups: the <jats:italic>Nucleocytoviricota<\/jats:italic> phylum, formerly known as the Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDVs), <jats:italic>Lavidaviridae<\/jats:italic> (virophages) and Polintoviruses. Although our analysis mostly supports the recent classification proposed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), it also raises questions, such as the validity of the <jats:italic>Adenoviridae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Helvetiavirae<\/jats:italic> ranking. Based on our phylogeny, we discuss current hypotheses on the origin and evolution of <jats:italic>Varidnaviria<\/jats:italic> and suggest new ones to reconcile the viral and cellular trees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.704052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T11:50:00Z","timestamp":1626436200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Phylogeny of the Varidnaviria Morphogenesis Module: Congruence and Incongruence With the Tree of Life and Viral Taxonomy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anthony C.","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Gaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Guglielmini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violette","family":"Da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Forterre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060910-095130","article-title":"Structure unifies the viral universe.","volume":"81","author":"Abrescia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. 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