{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:48:15Z","timestamp":1792511295399,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-328 2021R1A2C200590711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-328 2021R1A2C200590711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The worldwide spread of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC \u03b2-lactamase (AmpC)-producing\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    poses serious threats to public health. Swine farms have been regarded as important reservoirs of ESBL\/AmpC-EC. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, ESBL\/AmpC types, and clonal distribution of ESBL\/AmpC-EC from swine farms and analyze the difference according to the swine production stages. In addition, we evaluated the potential risks of swine ESBL\/AmpC-EC clones to humans. Individual fecal samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 292) were collected from weaning, growing, finishing, and pregnant pigs in nine swine farms of South Korea between July 2017 and March 2020. In total, 161 ESBL\/AmpC-EC isolates were identified (55.1%), with the highest prevalence detected in the weaning stage (86.3%). The dominant ESBL and AmpC types were CTX-M-55 (69.6%) and CMY-2 (4.3%), respectively. CTX-M found in all production stages, while CMY was only found in growing and finishing stages. In the conjugation assay, the high transferability of CTX-M gene (55.8%) was identified, while the transfer of CMY gene was not identified. The major clonal complexes (CCs) were CC101-B1 (26.8%), CC10-A (8.7%), and CC648-F (2.9%). There was similarity in clonal distribution between different swine production stages within swine farms, estimated using the\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    -means analysis, which suggested a clonal transmission between the different swine stages. Among swine ESBL\/AmpC-EC sequence types (STs), seven STs (ST101, ST10, ST648, ST457, ST410, ST617, and ST744) were common with the human ESBL\/AmpC-EC, which registered in National Center for Biotechnology Information database. The clonal population structure analysis based on the virulence factor (VF) presented that swine ESBL\/AmpC-EC clones, especially ST101-B1, harbored a highly virulent profile. In conclusion, ESBL\/AmpC-EC was distributed throughout the swine production stages, with the highest prevalence in the weaning stage. The CTX-M was present in all stages, while CMY was mostly found in growing-finishing stages. The swine ESBL\/AmpC-EC was identified to harbor shared clone types with human ESBL\/AmpC-EC and a virulent profile posing potential risk to humans. Considering the possibility of genetic and clonal distribution of ESBL\/AmpC-EC among swine production stages, this study suggests the need for strategies considering the production system to control the prevalence of ESBL\/AmpC-EC in swine farms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.710747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T06:20:56Z","timestamp":1626848456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Prevalence, Characteristics and Clonal Distribution of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase- and AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Following the Swine Production Stages, and Potential Risks to Humans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Soomin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Uk","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Ho","family":"Guk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyokeun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saehah","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongbeom","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2015.08.002","article-title":"First detection of extended-spectrum cephalosporin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in Australian food-producing animals","volume":"3","author":"Abraham","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12724","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli in husbandry animals: the African perspective","volume":"64","author":"Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2013.04.010","article-title":"Prevalence and types of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamases among urinary Escherichia coli isolates in Moroccan community","author":"Barguigua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2016.04.006","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and plasmid AmpC-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from broilers in Bejaia, Algeria","volume":"6","author":"Belmahdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9100678","article-title":"Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli in pigs and pork meat in the European Union","volume":"9","author":"Bergspica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010366","article-title":"Extended phylogeny and extraintestinal virulence potential of commensal Escherichia coli from piglets and sows","volume":"17","author":"Bok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.02.008","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from pigs from birth to slaughter and its association with antibiotic treatment","volume":"165","author":"Burow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00110","article-title":"CTX-M enzymes: origin and diffusion","volume":"3","author":"Canton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01851.x","article-title":"Animal reservoirs for extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers","volume":"14","author":"Carattoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.03.018","article-title":"Identification of plasmids by PCR-based replicon typing","volume":"63","author":"Carattoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12019","article-title":"The Clermont Escherichia coli phylo-typing method revisited: improvement of specificity and detection of new phylo-groups","volume":"5","author":"Clermont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02421-09","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of potentially pathogenic antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli strains from chicken and pig farms in Spain","volume":"76","author":"Cortes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03254","article-title":"Distribution of ExPEC virulence factors, Bla CTX-M, fosA3, and mcr-1 in Escherichia coli isolated from commercialized chicken carcasses","volume":"9","author":"Cyoia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03206","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in cattle production\u2014a threat around the world","volume":"6","author":"Dantas Palmeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(19)30273-7","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in human-derived and foodchain-derived samples from England, Wales, and Scotland: an epidemiological surveillance and typing study","volume":"19","author":"Day","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01210","article-title":"Prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli in a farrowing farm: ST1121 clone harboring IncHI2 plasmid contributes to the dissemination of Bla CMY-2","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0174094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174094","article-title":"Risk factors for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli on pig farms: a longitudinal study in the context of reduced use of antimicrobials","volume":"12","author":"Dohmen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002","article-title":"Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms","volume":"15","author":"Donlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062068","article-title":"Pic-producing Escherichia coli induces high production of proinflammatory mediators by the host leading to death by sepsis","volume":"21","author":"Dutra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x","article-title":"Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study","volume":"14","author":"Evanno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.08.014","article-title":"Risk factors for MRSA in fattening pig herds\u2014a meta-analysis using pooled data","volume":"117","author":"Fromm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-017-6453-x","article-title":"Detection of beta-lactamase encoding genes in feces, soil and water from a Brazilian pig farm","volume":"190","author":"Furlan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx418","article-title":"Epidemic spread of Escherichia coli ST744 isolates carrying mcr-3 and blaCTX-M-55 in cattle in France","volume":"73","author":"Haenni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku180","article-title":"Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli obtained from Danish pigs, pig farmers and their families from farms with high or no consumption of third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins","volume":"69","author":"Hammerum","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02399-12","article-title":"Carriage and fecal counts of cefotaxime M-producing Escherichia coli in pigs: a longitudinal study","volume":"79","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"100","article-title":"A K-means clustering algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Hartigan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00674","article-title":"Molecular characterization of fecal extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from healthy companion animals and cohabiting humans in South Korea","volume":"11","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026023393679","article-title":"Cephalosporins in veterinary medicine-ceftiofur use in food animals","volume":"2","author":"Hornish","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2012.03.001","article-title":"Expansion of the IncX plasmid family for improved identification and typing of novel plasmids in drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"68","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060670","article-title":"First detection of human ST131-CTX-M-15-O25-B2 clone and high-risk clonal lineages of ESBL\/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates from diarrheic poultry in Tunisia","volume":"10","author":"Jouini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-1031-y","article-title":"Colonisation with Escherichia coli resistant to \"critically important\" antibiotics: a high risk for international travellers","volume":"29","author":"Kennedy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref36","author":"Korsgaard","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2331-z","article-title":"Characterisation of Escherichia coli isolates from the blood of haematological adult patients with bacteraemia: translocation from gut to blood requires the cooperation of multiple virulence factors","volume":"34","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E173","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12123","article-title":"Distribution of phylogenetic groups, sequence type ST131, and virulence-associated traits among Escherichia coli isolates from men with pyelonephritis or cystitis and healthy controls","volume":"19","author":"Kudinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2013.33.2.141","article-title":"CTX-M-55-type extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase- producing shigella sonnei isolated from a Korean patient who had travelled to China","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-0986-7","article-title":"Characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from fecal samples of piglets with diarrhea in central and southern Taiwan in 2015","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2019.100058","article-title":"Patterns of antibiotic use in global pig production: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Lekagul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13231","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5774","article-title":"Silhouette width using generalized mean\u2014a flexible method for assessing clustering efficiency","volume":"9","author":"Lengyel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00043","article-title":"From pig breeding environment to subsequently produced pork: comparative analysis of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community composition","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01756","article-title":"Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing multidrug resistant Escherichia coli from swine in Northwest China","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx489","article-title":"Emergence of blaCTX-M-55 associated with fosA, rmtB and mcr gene variants in Escherichia coli from various animal species in France","volume":"73","author":"Lupo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02155-12","article-title":"Genetic characterization of IncI2 plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-55 spreading in both pets and food animals in China","volume":"57","author":"Lv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00135","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00135-18","article-title":"Global extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) lineages","volume":"32","author":"Manges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.071082","article-title":"Analysis of collection of hemolytic uremic syndrome-associated enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli","volume":"14","author":"Mellmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0236442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236442","article-title":"Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Escherichia coli and other Enterobacterales from Canadian turkeys","volume":"15","author":"Moffat","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0302-8","article-title":"Higher third-generation cephalosporin prescription proportion is associated with lower probability of reducing carbapenem use: a nationwide retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Muller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.21.11.920.34529","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: epidemiology, detection, and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Nathisuwan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03791.x","article-title":"Measurement of biofilm formation by clinical isolates of Escherichia coli is method-dependent","volume":"105","author":"Naves","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref54","volume-title":"Principles of Biostatistics.","author":"Pagano","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01338-09","article-title":"High prevalence of ST131 isolates producing CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14 among extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from Canada","volume":"54","author":"Peirano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.1.1-11.2002","article-title":"Plasmid-determined AmpC-type beta-lactamases","volume":"46","author":"Philippon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data","volume":"155","author":"Pritchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1173","article-title":"Clonal diversity of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in pigs at slaughter level in Portugal","volume":"10","author":"Ramos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01867.x","article-title":"The spread of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases","volume":"14","author":"Rossolini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060827","article-title":"Virulence potential of a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain belonging to the emerging clonal group ST101-B1 isolated from bloodstream infection","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00336","article-title":"Carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-plasmids does not reduce fitness but enhances virulence in some strains of pandemic E. coli lineages","volume":"7","author":"Schaufler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0138173","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138173","article-title":"Analysis of transmission of MRSA and ESBL-E among pigs and farm personnel","volume":"10","author":"Schmithausen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8010039","article-title":"The complex relationship between virulence and antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Schroeder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1610.10006","article-title":"Characteristics of transmissible CTX-M- and CMY-type beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates collected from pig and chicken farms in South Korea","volume":"27","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.06.003","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative antimicrobial usage patterns in farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden","volume":"130","author":"Sjolund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.004507-0","article-title":"CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-15 enzymes are the dominant type of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Korea","volume":"58","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00604","article-title":"Clinically relevant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from food animals in South Korea","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.02.014","article-title":"Emergence of multidrug resistance in locally-acquired human infections with Salmonella Typhimurium in Australia owing to a new clade harbouring blaCTX-M-9","volume":"50","author":"Sparham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez009","article-title":"Extended spectrum ss-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli among backyard poultry farms, farmers, and environments in Thailand","volume":"98","author":"Tansawai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn496","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"63","author":"Tantituvanont","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2005.10.003","article-title":"Quantification and evaluation of antimicrobial drug use in group treatments for fattening pigs in Belgium","volume":"74","author":"Timmerman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1992.9694322","article-title":"The pathogenesis of the post-weaning syndrome in weaned piglets: a review","volume":"14","author":"van Beers-Schreurs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.09.014","article-title":"Cohort study for the presence of livestock-associated MRSA in piglets: effect of sow status at farrowing and determination of the piglet colonization age","volume":"162","author":"Verhegghe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref77","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05172.x","article-title":"Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"60","author":"Wirth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0033-1","article-title":"Rapid rise of the ESBL and mcr-1 genes in Escherichia coli of chicken origin in China, 2008-2014","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.02.012","article-title":"High prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from long-term care facilities in Korea","volume":"67","author":"Yoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt126","article-title":"Nosocomial transmission of NDM-1-producing Escherichia coli ST101 in a Korean hospital","volume":"68","author":"Yoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-093","article-title":"Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from pigs and farm workers","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2936-1","article-title":"Characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among children under 5 years of age with acute diarrhea: a hospital based study","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.710747\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T06:21:05Z","timestamp":1626848465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.710747\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2021.710747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.710747","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"article-number":"710747"}}