{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T05:44:51Z","timestamp":1793079891424,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001588","name":"Enterprise Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP20180711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP20180711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012933","name":"Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012933","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Spore-based probiotics offer important advantages over other probiotics as they can survive the harsh gastric conditions of the stomach and bile salts in the small intestine, ultimately germinating in the digestive tract. A novel clinical trial in 11 ileostomy participants was conducted to directly investigate the presence and germination of the probiotic strain\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DE111\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the small intestine. Three hours following ingestion of DE111\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores (6.4 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b1 1.3 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/g effluent dry weight) and vegetative cells (4.7 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b1 1.1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/g effluent dry weight) began to appear in the ileum effluent. Six hours after ingestion, spore concentration increased to 9.7 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b1 8.1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/g and remained constant to the final time point of 8 h. Vegetative cells reached a concentration of 7.3 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b1 1.4 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/g at 7 h following ingestion. These results reveal orally ingested\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DE111\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    spores are able to remain viable during transit through the stomach and germinate in the small intestine of humans within 3 h of ingestion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.715863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T05:02:58Z","timestamp":1627880578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Presence and Germination of the Probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE111\u00ae in the Human Small Intestinal Tract: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Joan","family":"Colom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Brodkorb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Deaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison M.","family":"Winger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2014.09.005","article-title":"The small intestine microbiota, nutritional modulation and relevance for health","volume":"32","author":"Aidy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. 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