{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:52:14Z","timestamp":1792799534962,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The purgaty One systems (cap+bottle) are portable stainless-steel water bottles with UV subtype C (UVC) disinfection capability. This study examines the bottle design, verifies disinfection performance against\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and heterotrophic contaminants, and addresses the public health relevance of heterotrophic bacteria. Bottles were inoculated with deliberately contaminated potable water and disinfection efficacy examined using colony forming unit (CFU) assay for each bacterial strain. The heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method was used to determine the disinfection performance against environmental contaminants at day 0 and after 3days of water in stationary condition without prior UVC exposure. All UVC irradiation experiments were performed under stationary conditions to confirm that the preset application cycle of 55s offers the desired disinfection performance under-tested conditions. To determine effectiveness of purgaty One systems (cap+bottle) in disinfection, inactivation efficacy or log reduction value (LRV) was determined using bacteria concentration between UVC ON condition and controls (UVC OFF). The study utilized the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene for characterization of isolates by identifying HPC bacteria to confirm if they belong to groups that are of public health concern. Purgaty One systems fitted with Klaran UVC LEDs achieved 99.99% inactivation (LRV4) efficacy against\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 99.9% inactivation (LRV3) against\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and heterotrophic contaminants. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analyses, the study determined that the identified HPC isolates from UVC irradiated water are of rare public health concern. The bottles satisfactorily inactivated the target pathogenic bacteria and HPC contaminants even after 3days of water in stationary condition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.719578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T06:41:33Z","timestamp":1630737693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Disinfection Performance of a Drinking Water Bottle System With a UV Subtype C LED Cap Against Waterborne Pathogens and Heterotrophic Contaminants"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Mariita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien A.","family":"Blumenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Beckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gombas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajul V.","family":"Randive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12125","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii: evolution of a global pathogen","volume":"71","author":"Antunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.01.030","article-title":"Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions","volume":"198","author":"Ashbolt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.limno.2013.03.003","article-title":"Optical properties and light penetration in a deep, naturally acidic, iron rich lake: Lago Caviahue (Patagonia, Argentina)","volume":"43","author":"Baffico","year":"2013","journal-title":"Limnologica"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7103657","article-title":"Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water","volume":"7","author":"Cabral","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.166","article-title":"Ultraviolet C irradiation: an alternative antimicrobial approach to localized infections?","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00574-17","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00574-17","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12 (ATCC 29425)","volume":"5","author":"Engelbrecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1086\/324747","article-title":"Water disinfection for international and wilderness travelers","volume":"34","author":"Ericsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"acmi000112","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000112","article-title":"Accelerating the sustainable development goals through microbiology: some efforts and opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Fagunwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e862","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.862","article-title":"Effect of different heterotrophic plate count methods on the estimation of the composition of the culturable microbial community","volume":"3","author":"Gensberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.12.021","article-title":"Inactivation of biofilm-bound Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria using UVC light emitting diodes (UVC LEDs)","volume":"151","author":"Gora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2018.03.019","article-title":"Inactivation of Escherichia coli, Listeria and Salmonella by single and multiple wavelength ultraviolet-light emitting diodes","volume":"47","author":"Green","year":"2018","journal-title":"Innovative Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/35020000","article-title":"DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae","volume":"406","author":"Heidelberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw122","article-title":"Healthcare outbreaks associated with a water reservoir and infection prevention strategies","volume":"62","author":"Kanamori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for infection control in dental health-care settings-2003","volume":"52","author":"Kohn","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4716-8","article-title":"Expansion of the SOS regulon of Vibrio cholerae through extensive transcriptome analysis and experimental validation","volume":"19","author":"Krin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131533","article-title":"Characteristics of absorption spectra of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the pearl river estuary in spring","volume":"11","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030328","article-title":"Comparison between two types of dental unit waterlines: how evaluation of microbiological contamination can support risk containment","volume":"16","author":"Lizzadro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.039","article-title":"Point-of-use water disinfection using ultraviolet and visible light-emitting diodes","volume":"553","author":"Lui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2000.45.3.0642","article-title":"Spectral light attenuation and the absorption of UV and blue light in natural waters","volume":"45","author":"Markager","year":"2000","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1994.39.8.1972","article-title":"Aquatic fulvic acids in algal-rich antarctic ponds","volume":"39","author":"McKnight","year":"1994","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Safe drinking water: an ongoing challenge","volume-title":"Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water. Improving Approaches and Method.","author":"Medema","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161528","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161528","article-title":"The genetic analysis of an Acinetobacter johnsonii clinical strain evidenced the presence of horizontal genetic transfer","volume":"11","author":"Monta\u00f1a","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00190","article-title":"Physical measures to reduce exposure to tap water-associated nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"8","author":"Norton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"NSF International. NSF Protocol 55-2019: Ultraviolet Microbiological Water Treatment Systems; NSF International: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12891","article-title":"Effects of UV irradiation by light emitting diodes on heterotrophic bacteria in tap water","volume":"94","author":"Oguma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-013-0099-7","article-title":"Brevibacillus as a biological tool: a short review","volume":"105","author":"Panda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2001.5143","article-title":"Bacterial removal from inexpensive portable water treatment systems for travelers","volume":"8","author":"Schlosser","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.032342-0","article-title":"Brevibacillus nitrificans sp. nov., a nitrifying bacterium isolated from a microbiological agent for enhancing microbial digestion in sewage treatment tanks","volume":"62","author":"Takebe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04836-w","article-title":"Distribution and UV protection strategies of zooplankton in clear and glacier-fed alpine lakes","volume":"7","author":"Tartarotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2015.10.005","article-title":"Drinking water treatment with ultraviolet light for travelers \u2013 evaluation of a mobile lightweight system","volume":"13","author":"Timmermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.289","article-title":"Moving from the traditional paradigm of pathogen inactivation to controlling antibiotic resistance in water \u2013 role of ultraviolet irradiation","volume":"662","author":"Umar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.104","article-title":"Ubiquitous and persistent Proteobacteria and other gram-negative bacteria in drinking water","volume":"586","author":"Vaz-Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5062","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609157113","article-title":"Climate influence on vibrio and associated human diseases during the past half-century in the coastal North Atlantic","volume":"113","author":"Vezzulli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Global water supply and sanitation assessment 2000 report. World Health Organization","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and health","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.719578\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T06:41:37Z","timestamp":1630737697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.719578\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2021.719578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.719578","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.06.02.446792","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"article-number":"719578"}}