{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:51:01Z","timestamp":1788267061873,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The emergence of extensive drug-resistant (XDR)\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in livestock animals especially in poultry represents a serious public health and therapeutic challenge. Despite the wealth of information available on\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    resistance to various antimicrobials, there have been limited data on the genetic determinants of XDR\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibiting co-resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and tigecycline (TIG). This study aimed to determine the prevalence and serotype diversity of XDR\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in poultry flocks and contact workers and to elucidate the genetic determinants involved in the co-resistance to CIP and TIG. Herein, 115\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates of 35 serotypes were identified from sampled poultry (100\/1210, 8.26%) and humans (15\/375, 4.00%), with the most frequent serotype being\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium (26.96%). Twenty-nine (25.22%)\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates exhibited XDR patterns; 25 out of them (86.21%) showed CIP\/TIG co-resistance. Exposure of CIP- and TIG-resistant isolates to the carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) efflux pump inhibitor resulted in an obvious reduction in their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values and restored the susceptibility to CIP and TIG in 17.24% (5\/29) and 92% (23\/25) of the isolates, respectively. Molecular analysis revealed that 89.66% of the isolates contained two to six plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes with the predominance of\n                    <jats:italic>qepA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene (89.66%). Mutations in the\n                    <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene were detected at codon S83 (34.62%) or D87 (30.77%) or both (34.62%) in 89.66% of XDR\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (A) and\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (X4) genes were detected in 100% and 3.45% of the XDR isolates, respectively. Twelve TIG-resistant XDR\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    had point mutations at codons 120, 121, and 181 in the\n                    <jats:italic>tet(A)<\/jats:italic>\n                    interdomain loop region. All CIP and TIG co-resistant XDR\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    overexpressed\n                    <jats:italic>ramA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene; 17 (68%) out of them harbored 4-bp deletion in the\n                    <jats:italic>ramR<\/jats:italic>\n                    binding region (T-288\/A-285). However, four CIP\/TIG co-resistant isolates overexpressed the\n                    <jats:italic>oqxB<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. In conclusion, the emergence of XDR\n                    <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibiting CIP\/TIG co-resistance in poultry and humans with no previous exposure to TIG warrants an urgent need to reduce the unnecessary antimicrobial use in poultry farms in Egypt.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.738784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T21:16:13Z","timestamp":1638306973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Extensive Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolated From Poultry and Humans: Prevalence and Molecular Determinants Behind the Co-resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Tigecycline"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Norhan K.","family":"Abd El-Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine H.","family":"Tartor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha M. A.","family":"Gharieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Erfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Samir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00084-08","article-title":"ramR mutations involved in efflux-mediated multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.","volume":"52","author":"Abouzeed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.04.017","article-title":"The tetA gene decreases tigecycline sensitivity of Salmonella enterica isolates.","volume":"42","author":"Akiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1021\/bi5000564","article-title":"Mechanism of quinolone action and resistance.","volume":"53","author":"Aldred","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S185081","article-title":"Evaluation of efflux pump activity of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from poultry wet markets in India.","volume":"12","author":"Anbazhagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.004","article-title":"Salmonellosis: the role of poultry meat.","volume":"22","author":"Antunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05444-11","article-title":"Binding of the RamR repressor to wild-type and mutated promoters of the ramA gene involved in efflux-mediated multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.","volume":"56","author":"Baucheron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method.","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.11.003","article-title":"Real-time reverse transcription PCR for the quantification of the mntH expression of Salmonella enterica as a function of growth phase and phagosome-like conditions.","volume":"66","author":"Botteldoorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests.","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00638-08","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance pump QepA2 in an Escherichia coli isolate from France.","volume":"52","author":"Cattoir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.663731","article-title":"Contribution of different mechanisms to ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella spp.","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00037","article-title":"Efflux pump overexpression contributes to tigecycline heteroresistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001","article-title":"Tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance.","volume":"65","author":"Chopra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Performance Standard for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Nineteenth Informational Supplement M100."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2013000300016","article-title":"Salmonella spp. in meat-type quails (coturnix coturnix coturnix) in the state of s\u00e3o paulo, brazil.","volume":"15","author":"de Freitas Neto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01727-13","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of tigecycline resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii from a Chinese university hospital.","volume":"58","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B17","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Version 8.1."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv410","article-title":"Differential impact of ramRA mutations on both ramA transcription and decreased antimicrobial susceptibility in Salmonella Typhimurium.","volume":"71","author":"F\u00e0brega","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-015-0081-1","article-title":"Non-typhoidal Salmonella in poultry meat and diarrhoeic patients: Prevalence, antibiogram, virulotyping, molecular detection and sequencing of class I integrons in multidrug resistant strains.","volume":"7","author":"Gharieb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"B20","author":"Harrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Package \u201cHmisc.\u201dVersion:4.6-0."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00993-09","article-title":"Combined ramR mutation and presence of a Tn1721-associated tet(A) variant in a clinical isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar hadar resistant to tigecycline.","volume":"54","author":"Hentschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-34","article-title":"Animal contact as a source of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis.","volume":"42","author":"Hoelzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.02.006","article-title":"Mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella: recent developments.","volume":"25","author":"Hopkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Microbiology of the Food ChainHorizontal Method for the Detection, Enumeration and Serotyping of Salmonella - ISO 6579-1","year":"2017"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1706913","article-title":"Harnessing efficient multiplex PCR methods to detect the expanding Tet(X) family of tigecycline resistance genes.","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture3030342","article-title":"Salmonella prevalence in turkey flocks before and after implementation of the control program in Germany.","volume":"3","author":"K\u00e4sbohrer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"B27","article-title":"The Kauffmann-White Schema; Diagnostic Salmonella Antigen Schema","author":"Kauffmann","year":"1957"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1605.091917","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistant typhoid, south Africa.","volume":"16","author":"Keddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp347","article-title":"Decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility in mutants of Salmonella serovars other than Typhimurium: detection of novel mutations involved in modulated expression of ramA and soxS.","volume":"64","author":"Kehrenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.15171\/ijep.2018.17","article-title":"Tetracycline resistance genes in Salmonella enterica serovars with animal and human origin.","volume":"6","author":"Khoshbakht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. enteric. Pathog."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01574-08","article-title":"oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00105-18","article-title":"Emergence of an extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clone harboring a promiscuous plasmid encoding resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins.","volume":"9","author":"Klemm","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"1","author":"Kolde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Package \u201cPheatmap\u201d Version:1.0.12."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4606-y","article-title":"Impact of co-existence of PMQR genes and QRDR mutations on fluoroquinolones resistance in Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from community and hospital acquired UTIs.","volume":"19","author":"Kotb","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03470.x","article-title":"Characterization of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolated from processed bison carcasses.","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e134","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00134-20","article-title":"Deciphering the structural diversity and classification of the mobile tigecycline resistance gene tet(X)-bearing plasmidome among bacteria.","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02465-15","article-title":"Potential of tetracycline resistance proteins to evolve tigecycline resistance.","volume":"60","author":"Linkevicius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-\u0394\u0394CT method.","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2436\/20.1501.01.107","article-title":"Prevalence of mechanisms decreasing quinolone-susceptibility among Salmonella spp. clinical isolates.","volume":"13","author":"Lunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.14690691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance.","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1086\/650733","article-title":"The global burden of non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis.","volume":"50","author":"Majowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3789-3793.2004","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of quinolone resistance in human nontyphoid Salmonella enterica isolates obtained in Spain from 1981 to 2003.","volume":"48","author":"Marim\u00f3n","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"171","article-title":"Identification of efflux pump-mediated multidrug-resistant bacteria by the ethidium bromide-agar cartwheel method.","volume":"25","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.1.10-13.2000","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of topoisomerase mutations in mediating clinically significant fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli in the absence of the AcrAB efflux pump.","volume":"44","author":"Oethinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765x.2003.01294.x","article-title":"Evaluation of selective and non-selective enrichment PCR procedures for Salmonella detection.","volume":"36","author":"Oliveira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816001540","article-title":"Salmonellosis associated with mass catering: a survey of European union cases over a 15-year period.","volume":"144","author":"Osimani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"B47","author":"Plumb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plumb\u201ds Veterinary Drug Handbook"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.30491\/jabr.2020.120179","article-title":"Involvement of AcrAB and OqxAB efflux pumps in antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia.","volume":"7","author":"Razavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biotechnol. Reports"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1347","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme: a new adaptation of a common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase.","volume":"12","author":"Robicsek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2012.11.012","article-title":"Contribution of different mechanisms to the resistance to fluoroquinolones in clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica.","volume":"17","author":"Rushdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.5663","article-title":"An overview of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi from a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.","volume":"11","author":"Saeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1556\/030.65.2018.012","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in Enterobacteriaceae from urine clinical samples.","volume":"65","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.4314\/AJB.V5I17.43162","article-title":"Antibacterial susceptibility of some urinary tract pathogens to commonly used antibiotics.","volume":"5","author":"Tambekar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","article-title":"MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0.","volume":"30","author":"Tamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0213-x","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing-based detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from wildlife.","volume":"9","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2000.6.277","article-title":"Mutations in the interdomain loop region of the tetA (A) tetracycline resistance gene increase efflux of minocycline and glycylcyclines.","volume":"6","author":"Tuckman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00053","article-title":"Effect of antimicrobial exposure on AcrAB expression in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis.","volume":"4","author":"Usui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.029","article-title":"Safety of raw meat and shellfish in vietnam: an analysis of Escherichia coli isolations for antibiotic resistance and virulence genes.","volume":"124","author":"Van","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020095","article-title":"Characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from diseased poultry in northern China between 2014 and 2018.","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2017.07.006","article-title":"Genomic characterization of an extensively-drug resistance Salmonella enterica serotype Indiana strain harboring blaNDM\u20131 gene isolated from a chicken carcass in China.","volume":"204","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.01.040","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of quinolone resistance mechanisms in Salmonella spp.","volume":"171","author":"Wasyl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00310-15","article-title":"Evolution and dissemination of OqxAB-like efflux pumps, an emerging quinolone resistance determinant among members of Enterobacteriaceae.","volume":"59","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.01.031","article-title":"Mutations in gyrase and topoisomerase genes associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella serovars from retail meats.","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0119","article-title":"In vitro development of ciprofloxacin resistance of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, enteritidis, and Indiana isolates from food animals.","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn448","article-title":"Effect of transcriptional activators RamA and SoxS on expression of multidrug efflux pumps AcrAB and AcrEF in fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium.","volume":"63","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115185","article-title":"First emergence of acrAB and oqxAB mediated tigecycline resistance in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae pre-dating the use of tigecycline in a Chinese hospital.","volume":"9","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.738784\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T21:16:25Z","timestamp":1638306985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.738784\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2021.738784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.738784","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"article-number":"738784"}}