{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:56:47Z","timestamp":1793746607874,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    As an ancient infectious disease, tuberculosis (TB) is still the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent worldwide. Latent TB infection (LTBI) has been recognized as the largest source of new TB cases and is one of the biggest obstacles to achieving the aim of the End TB Strategy. The latest data indicate that a considerable percentage of the population with LTBI and the lack of differential diagnosis between LTBI and active TB (aTB) may be potential reasons for the high TB morbidity and mortality in countries with high TB burdens. The tuberculin skin test (TST) has been used to diagnose TB for &amp;gt; 100 years, but it fails to distinguish patients with LTBI from those with aTB and people who have received Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin vaccination. To overcome the limitations of TST, several new skin tests and interferon-gamma release assays have been developed, such as the Diaskintest, C-Tb skin test, EC-Test, and T-cell spot of the TB assay, QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube, QuantiFERON-TB Gold-Plus, LIAISON QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus test, and LIOFeron TB\/LTBI. However, these methods cannot distinguish LTBI from aTB. To investigate the reasons why all these methods cannot distinguish LTBI from aTB, we have explained the concept and definition of LTBI and expounded on the immunological mechanism of LTBI in this review. In addition, we have outlined the research status, future directions, and challenges of LTBI differential diagnosis, including novel biomarkers derived from\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and hosts, new models and algorithms, omics technologies, and microbiota.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.745592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T03:33:16Z","timestamp":1634873596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Differential Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Active Tuberculosis: A Key to a Successful Tuberculosis Control Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenping","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqiong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2017.05.001","article-title":"Determinant factors for mortality during treatment among tuberculosis patients: cox proportional hazards model.","volume":"66","author":"Abedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab144","article-title":"CD38 +CD27 -TNF-\u03b1 + on Mtb-specific CD4 + T is a robust biomarker for tuberculosis diagnosis.","volume":"110","author":"Acharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12276","article-title":"B cells and antibodies in the defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"264","author":"Achkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064215","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial investigating the specificity of a novel skin test (C-Tb) for diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection.","volume":"8","author":"Aggerbeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204554","article-title":"C-Tb skin test to diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children and HIV-infected adults: a phase 3 trial.","volume":"13","author":"Aggerbeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.01.091","article-title":"Three-dimensional structures of apo- and holo-L-alanine dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveal conformational changes upon coenzyme binding.","volume":"377","author":"Agren","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00405-10","article-title":"Identification, diagnostic potential, and natural expression of immunodominant seroreactive peptides encoded by five Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific genomic regions.","volume":"18","author":"Al-Khodari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00508","article-title":"Mechanisms of control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by NK cells: role of glutathione.","volume":"6","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2011.632644","article-title":"Interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 as a biomarker for active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection in children: a case-control study.","volume":"44","author":"Alsleben","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfab012","article-title":"Performance of an advanced interferon-gamma release assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection.","volume":"6","author":"Altawallbeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64428-z","article-title":"IFN-gamma and IgG responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency antigen Rv2626c differentiate remote from recent tuberculosis infection.","volume":"10","author":"Amiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(00)02742-2","article-title":"Specific immune-based diagnosis of tuberculosis.","volume":"356","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.08.002","article-title":"Profile of interferon-gamma response to latency-associated and novel in vivo expressed antigens in a cohort of subjects recently exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"95","author":"Araujo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00217-16","article-title":"Multifunctional T cell response to DosR and Rpf antigens is associated with protection in long-term Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected individuals in Colombia.","volume":"23","author":"Arroyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2013.824897","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic potential of Rv3803c and Rv2626c recombinant antigens in TB endemic country Pakistan.","volume":"35","author":"Ashraf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunoassay Immunochem."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2021.1922685","article-title":"Tuberculosis vaccine BCG: the magical effect of the old vaccine in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.","author":"Aspatwar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S221","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.supplement_3.ats600","article-title":"Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. This is a Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This statement was endorsed by the Council of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (IDSA), September 1999, and the sections of this statement.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B18","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Preparation of Four Tuberculosis Latent Proteins and the Evaluation of Their Immunological Characteristic."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5526","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200265g","article-title":"Use of urine volatile organic compounds to discriminate tuberculosis patients from healthy subjects.","volume":"83","author":"Banday","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.595746","article-title":"Immune subtyping in latent tuberculosis.","volume":"12","author":"Banerjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93059-1","article-title":"Multi-country evaluation of RISK6, a 6-gene blood transcriptomic signature, for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment monitoring.","volume":"11","author":"Bayaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2738","article-title":"Revisiting the timetable of tuberculosis.","volume":"362","author":"Behr","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5770","article-title":"Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection life long?","volume":"367","author":"Behr","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202011-4239PP","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis: two centuries of confusion.","volume":"204","author":"Behr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124134","article-title":"Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines against Rv2031 Are elevated during latent tuberculosis: a study in cohorts of tuberculosis patients, household contacts and community controls in an endemic setting.","volume":"10","author":"Belay","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09247","article-title":"An interferon-inducible neutrophil-driven blood transcriptional signature in human tuberculosis.","volume":"466","author":"Berry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540212651","article-title":"Transcriptomics and proteomics: tools for the identification of novel drug targets and vaccine candidates for tuberculosis.","volume":"53","author":"Betts","year":"2002","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1172\/jci38482","article-title":"Anti-TNF immunotherapy reduces CD8+ T cell-mediated antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans.","volume":"119","author":"Bruns","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-153","article-title":"Predicting population coverage of T-cell epitope-based diagnostics and vaccines.","volume":"7","author":"Bui","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2018.069","article-title":"Screening of serum biomarkers for distinguishing between latent and active tuberculosis using proteome microarray.","volume":"31","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06022-w","article-title":"MPT64 assays for the rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03353-5","article-title":"Host defense mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"77","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8419-0","article-title":"Global trends and gaps in research related to latent tuberculosis infection.","volume":"20","author":"Chaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.04.010","article-title":"Decreased serum 5-oxoproline in TB patients is associated with pathological damage of the lung.","volume":"423","author":"Che","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13346","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection: opportunities and challenges.","volume":"23","author":"Chee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038501","article-title":"Potential of host markers produced by infection phase-dependent antigen-stimulated cells for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in a highly endemic area.","volume":"7","author":"Chegou","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2012.00470.x","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo identification of a novel cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from Rv3425 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.05.008","article-title":"Novel recombinant RD2- and RD11-encoded Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens are potential candidates for diagnosis of tuberculosis infections in BCG-vaccinated individuals.","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3969\/i.issn.1000-6621.2020.08.001","article-title":"[Expert consensus of clinical application of the recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC)].","volume":"42","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Antituberculosis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/31159","article-title":"Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence.","volume":"393","author":"Cole","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141602","article-title":"Double- and monofunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR antigens and peptides in long-term latently infected individuals.","volume":"41","author":"Commandeur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00271-15","article-title":"Synthetic long peptide derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency antigen Rv1733c protects against tuberculosis.","volume":"22","author":"Coppola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.034","article-title":"Management of latent tuberculosis infection in China: exploring solutions suitable for high-burden countries.","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-019-0315-y","article-title":"IgA and IgG antibody detection of mycobacterial antigens in pleural fluid and serum from pleural tuberculous patients.","volume":"20","author":"da Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00016","article-title":"Deregulated tyrosine-phenylalanine metabolism in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.","volume":"14","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00159","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00159-20","article-title":"Evaluation of QuantiFERON-TB gold plus on liaison XL in a low-tuberculosis-incidence setting.","volume":"58","author":"De Maertelaere","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.12.012","article-title":"LIOFeron(R)TB\/LTBI: a novel and reliable test for LTBI and tuberculosis.","volume":"91","author":"Della Bella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.72.4.2412-2415.2004","article-title":"HLA-A2-restricted CD8+-cytotoxic-T-cell responses to novel epitopes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis superoxide dismutase, alanine dehydrogenase, and glutamine synthetase.","volume":"72","author":"Dong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2013.02.008","article-title":"New sputum metabolite markers implicating adaptations of the host to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and vice versa.","volume":"93","author":"du Preez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646399","article-title":"Antigen presentation by B cells guides programing of memory CD4(+) T-cell responses to a TLR4-agonist containing vaccine in mice.","volume":"46","author":"Dubois Cauwelaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02656","article-title":"The host microbiota contributes to early protection against lung colonization by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"9","author":"Dumas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75513-8","article-title":"Integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics reveals novel biomarkers in the blood for tuberculosis diagnosis in children.","volume":"10","author":"Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1635","article-title":"Self-clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: implications for lifetime risk and population at-risk of tuberculosis disease.","volume":"288","author":"Emery","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.149188","article-title":"Analysis of serum metabolic profile by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for biomarkers discovery: application in a pilot study to discriminate patients with tuberculosis.","volume":"128","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl)"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.10.029","article-title":"Enhanced serodiagnostic utility of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis polyproteins.","volume":"66","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30057-2","article-title":"The global tuberculosis epidemic and progress in care, prevention, and research: an overview in year 3 of the End TB era.","volume":"6","author":"Floyd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108854","article-title":"Plasma metabolomics in human pulmonary tuberculosis disease: a pilot study.","volume":"9","author":"Frediani","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01990-06","article-title":"T-cell recognition of the HspX protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis correlates with latent M. tuberculosis infection but not with M. bovis BCG vaccination.","volume":"75","author":"Geluk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.18176\/resp.00028","article-title":"Guidelines on controlling latent tuberculosis infection to support tuberculosis elimination.","volume":"23","author":"Godoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Sanid. Penit."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.666290","article-title":"Peptides-based vaccine MP3RT induced protective immunity against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection in a humanized mouse model.","volume":"12","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1458806","article-title":"The current status, challenges, and future developments of new tuberculosis vaccines.","volume":"14","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2020.10.012","article-title":"Is the tuberculosis vaccine BCG an alternative weapon for developing countries to defeat COVID-19?","volume":"68","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-00258-4","article-title":"Effects of Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine in a mouse model of tuberculosis: protective action and differentially expressed genes.","volume":"7","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1054\/tube.2000.0269","article-title":"Genomics of Mycobacterium bovis.","volume":"81","author":"Gordon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1039\/b618553n","article-title":"Mass spectrometry: from proteomics to metabolomics and lipidomics.","volume":"38","author":"Griffiths","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00709","article-title":"New players in immunity to tuberculosis: the host microbiome, Lung Epithelium, and Innate Immune Cells.","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00167-2021","article-title":"Tests for tuberculosis infection: landscape analysis.","volume":"2100167","author":"Hamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02604.x","article-title":"Cellular immune responses in mice induced by M. tuberculosis PE35-DNA vaccine construct.","volume":"74","author":"Hanif","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B69","first-page":"879","article-title":"Identification and management of latent tuberculosis infection.","volume":"79","author":"Hauck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2335-8","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy-associated antigen of Rv2660c induces stronger immune response in latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection than that in active tuberculosis in a Chinese population.","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5486","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01436-08","article-title":"Frequencies of region of difference 1 antigen-specific but not purified protein derivative-specific gamma interferon-secreting T cells correlate with the presence of tuberculosis disease but do not distinguish recent from remote latent infections.","volume":"77","author":"Hinks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01464-2015","article-title":"Sensitivity of C-Tb: a novel RD-1-specific skin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection.","volume":"47","author":"Hoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01235-07","article-title":"Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine strains lack narK2 and narX induction and exhibit altered phenotypes during dormancy.","volume":"76","author":"Honaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5210","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.12.11","article-title":"Comparison of QFT-Plus and QFT-GIT tests for diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection in immunocompetent Korean subjects.","volume":"11","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.10.012","article-title":"Population tailored modification of tuberculosis specific interferon-gamma release assay.","volume":"72","author":"Horvati","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152","article-title":"The global burden of latent tuberculosis infection: a Re-estimation using mathematical modelling.","volume":"13","author":"Houben","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13068","article-title":"Systemic proinflammation after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was correlated to the gut microbiome in HIV-uninfected humans.","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-007-0157-6","article-title":"Candidate biomarkers for discrimination between infection and disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"85","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med. (Berl)"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12274","article-title":"T cells and adaptive immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans.","volume":"264","author":"Jasenosky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0254-5101.2015.01.013","article-title":"[Research progress on the antigens associated with latent infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis].","volume":"35","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J.Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2171","article-title":"Prediction and analyses of HLA-II restricted Mycobacterium tuberculosis CD4(+) T cell epitopes in the Chinese population.","volume":"2021","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4589","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the PE35 and PPE68 antigens in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains may affect strain virulence and reflect ongoing immune evasion.","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01549.x","article-title":"Comparative proteome analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains: towards functional genomics of microbial pathogens.","volume":"33","author":"Jungblut","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2020.200338","article-title":"Operational usability evaluation of the LIAISON(R) QuantiFERON(R)-TB gold plus solution in a high volume laboratory setting.","volume":"66","author":"Kadkhoda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.32.315","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes in the alveolar epithelium in response to mycobacterial infection.","volume":"32","author":"Kanai","year":"1979","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001037","article-title":"Application of transdermal patches with new skin test reagents for detection of latent tuberculosis.","volume":"68","author":"Kasempimolporn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00529","article-title":"Alteration in the gut microbiota provokes susceptibility to tuberculosis.","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.11.0576","article-title":"Breath analysis as a potential diagnostic tool for tuberculosis.","volume":"16","author":"Kolk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10090716","article-title":"Antigen-specific cytokine and chemokine gene expression for diagnosing latent and active tuberculosis.","volume":"10","author":"Korma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.642487","article-title":"Applications of transcriptomics and proteomics for understanding dormancy and resuscitation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"12","author":"Kundu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B91","author":"Laennec","year":"1826","journal-title":"Traite de l\u2019Auscultation Mediate et des Maladies des Poumons et du Coeur."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.4.2009100","article-title":"Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by enumeration of antigen-specific T cells.","volume":"163","author":"Lalvani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03094","article-title":"Study of CD27 and CCR4 Markers on specific CD4(+) T-cells as immune tools for active and latent tuberculosis management.","volume":"9","author":"Latorre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2015.6","article-title":"Identification of specific metabolites in culture supernatant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using metabolomics: exploration of potential biomarkers.","volume":"4","author":"Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw694","article-title":"Official American thoracic society\/infectious diseases society of America\/Centers for disease control and prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children.","volume":"64","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.07.015","article-title":"Recombinant fusion ESAT6-CFP10 immunogen as a skin test reagent for tuberculosis diagnosis: an open-label, randomized, two-centre phase 2a clinical trial.","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00154-16","article-title":"Safety of Recombinant fusion protein ESAT6-CFP10 as a skin test reagent for tuberculosis diagnosis: an open-label, randomized, single-center phase I clinical trial.","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2019.10.001","article-title":"Anti-tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy dynamically rescues Th1 and CD8+ T effector levels in Han Chinese pulmonary TB patients.","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6234560","article-title":"Chinese traditional medicine NiuBeiXiaoHe (NBXH) extracts have the function of antituberculosis and immune recovery in BALB\/c Mice.","volume":"2021","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B100","year":"2021","journal-title":"LIOFeron\u00a7TB\/LTBI IGRA [Online]. Germany: LIONEX."},{"key":"B101","first-page":"19","article-title":"[Effectiveness of new diagnostic drug Diaskintest in children for tuberculosis diagnostic].","volume":"2009","author":"Litvinov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Probl. Tuberk. Bolezn. Legk."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.626254","article-title":"Microbiota and tuberculosis: a potential role of probiotics, and postbiotics.","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B103","author":"Louis","year":"1825","journal-title":"Recherches Anatomoco-Pathologiques sur la Phthisie."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.166984","article-title":"FasL regulatory B-cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and TB disease.","volume":"433","author":"Loxton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.06.051","article-title":"First-in-human trial of the post-exposure tuberculosis vaccine H56:IC31 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected and non-infected healthy adults.","volume":"33","author":"Luabeya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.10.017","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of plasma cytokine biosignature combination and MCP-1 as individual biomarkers for differentiating stages Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"78","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.54","article-title":"Antigens Rv0310c and Rv1255c are promising novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.07.011","article-title":"Identification of a novel immunodominant antigen Rv2645 from RD13 with potential as a cell-mediated immunity-based TB diagnostic agent.","volume":"71","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01051","article-title":"RNA profiling analysis of the serum exosomes derived from patients with active and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"8","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2017.0391","article-title":"Interferon gamma release assay in response to PE35\/PPE68 proteins: a promising diagnostic method for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis.","volume":"28","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02494-14","article-title":"Macrophage polarization drives granuloma outcome during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"83","author":"Marino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1172\/jci31097","article-title":"Neutrophil-mediated innate immune resistance to mycobacteria.","volume":"117","author":"Martineau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2019.01.010","article-title":"High-resolution quantitative proteomics applied to the study of the specific protein signature in the sputum and saliva of active tuberculosis patients and their infected and uninfected contacts.","volume":"195","author":"Mateos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.12.002","article-title":"Innate and adaptive interferons suppress IL-1\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 production by distinct pulmonary myeloid subsets during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"35","author":"Mayer-Barber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2307\/4590490","article-title":"Inapparent infection: relation of latent and dormant infections to microbial persistence.","volume":"74","author":"Mc","year":"1959","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.104.5.763","article-title":"The fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mouse tissues as determined by the microbial enumeration technique. II. The conversion of tuberculous infection to the latent state by the administration of pyrazinamide and a companion drug.","volume":"104","author":"McCune","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02476","article-title":"A systematic review on Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens and their discriminatory potential for the diagnosis of latent and active tuberculosis.","volume":"9","author":"Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1086\/510397","article-title":"Gene-expression patterns in whole blood identify subjects at risk for recurrent tuberculosis.","volume":"195","author":"Mistry","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009377","article-title":"Microbiome-immune interactions in tuberculosis.","volume":"17","author":"Mori","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.22092\/ari.2019.123082.1238","article-title":"Evaluation of heating and irradiation methods for production of purified protein derivative (PPD) of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.","volume":"75","author":"Mosavari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Razi. Inst."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01660.x","article-title":"The RD1-encoded antigen Rv3872 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a potential candidate for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis.","volume":"13","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01937.x","article-title":"Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1 region gene products in infected cattle.","volume":"130","author":"Mustafa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02559","article-title":"Tuberculosis diagnosis: algorithm that May discriminate latent from active tuberculosis.","volume":"5","author":"Ndzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2012.01.012","article-title":"A metabolomics approach to characterise and identify various Mycobacterium species.","volume":"88","author":"Olivier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0023-2016","article-title":"Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and interferon-gamma release assays.","volume":"4","author":"Pai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112907","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22889","article-title":"Genome-wide transcriptional profiling identifies potential signatures in discriminating active tuberculosis from latent infection.","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01394","article-title":"Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is associated with a higher frequency of mucosal-associated invariant t and invariant natural killer T cells.","volume":"9","author":"Paquin-Proulx","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.05.026","article-title":"A Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy antigen differentiates latently infected bacillus calmette-guerin-vaccinated individuals.","volume":"2","author":"Pena","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01012-2016","article-title":"Correlates of tuberculosis risk: predictive biomarkers for progression to active tuberculosis.","volume":"48","author":"Petruccioli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2010.01.003","article-title":"Breath biomarkers of active pulmonary tuberculosis.","volume":"90","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2006.03.004","article-title":"Volatile biomarkers of pulmonary tuberculosis in the breath.","volume":"87","author":"Phillips","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2019.09.001","article-title":"Comparison of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube interferon-gamma release assays: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"64","author":"Pourakbari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.04.032","article-title":"IFN-gamma\/TNF-alpha ratio in response to immuno proteomically identified human T-cell antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis \u2013 the most suitable surrogate biomarker for latent TB infection.","volume":"71","author":"Prabhavathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2016-0287","article-title":"Metabolomics biomarkers for tuberculosis diagnostics: current status and future objectives.","volume":"11","author":"Preez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039501","article-title":"Evaluation of cytokines as a biomarker to distinguish active tuberculosis from latent tuberculosis infection: a diagnostic meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.641065","article-title":"Effect of inflammatory cytokines\/chemokines on pulmonary tuberculosis culture conversion and disease severity in HIV-Infected and -uninfected individuals from South Africa.","volume":"12","author":"Rambaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13291","article-title":"Identification of new diagnostic biomarkers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the potential application in the serodiagnosis of human tuberculosis.","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.4mr0520-112r","article-title":"Interplay between alveolar epithelial and dendritic cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"108","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201243262","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD8+ T cells are functionally and phenotypically different between latent infection and active disease.","volume":"43","author":"Rozot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30436-2","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the C-Tb skin test to diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, compared with an interferon gamma release assay and the tuberculin skin test: a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial.","volume":"5","author":"Ruhwald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2016.OA3037","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the novel C-Tb skin test for LTBI, results from two phase III trials.","volume":"48","author":"Ruhwald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12948","article-title":"The role of donor-unrestricted T-cells, innate lymphoid cells, and NK cells in anti-mycobacterial immunity.","volume":"301","author":"Ruibal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.100960","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant nonreplicating Beijing strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultured in vitro.","volume":"26","author":"Saiboonjan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0332-4","article-title":"MAIT cell-directed therapy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"14","author":"Sakai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B145","first-page":"369","article-title":"QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT) for the screening of latent tuberculosis in recent immigrants to Italy.","volume":"32","author":"Saracino","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2012.09.002","article-title":"A comparison of four sputum pre-extraction preparation methods for identifying and characterising Mycobacterium tuberculosis using GCxGC-TOFMS metabolomics.","volume":"91","author":"Schoeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1159\/000439275","article-title":"Alveolar epithelial cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: active players or innocent bystanders?","volume":"8","author":"Scordo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1021\/pr101054m","article-title":"(1)H NMR-based metabolomic profiling in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"10","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4873","DOI":"10.1021\/pr300345x","article-title":"Metabolomic signatures in guinea pigs infected with epidemic-associated W-Beijing strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"11","author":"Somashekar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.08.018","article-title":"QuantiFERON TB Gold Plus for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"79","author":"Sotgiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_131_20","article-title":"Recombinant tuberculosis allergen (Diaskintest((R))) in tuberculosis diagnostic in Russia (meta-analysis).","volume":"9","author":"Starshinova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mycobacteriol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78737-w","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of newer technologies for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in Brazilian people living with HIV.","volume":"10","author":"Steffen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B153","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Global Plan to End TB."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.09.032","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific cytokine biomarkers to differentiate active TB and LTBI: a systematic review.","volume":"81","author":"Sudbury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01267","article-title":"Label-free quantitative proteomics identifies novel plasma biomarkers for distinguishing pulmonary tuberculosis and latent infection.","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2008.01.002","article-title":"The scent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.","volume":"88","author":"Syhre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2009.04.003","article-title":"The scent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis\u2013part II breath.","volume":"89","author":"Syhre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021468","article-title":"DC-SIGN is the major Mycobacterium tuberculosis receptor on human dendritic cells.","volume":"197","author":"Tailleux","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00614","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00614-18","article-title":"Comparison of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube Interferon Gamma Release Assays in Patients at Risk for Tuberculosis and in Health Care Workers.","volume":"56","author":"Theel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/536976","article-title":"Application of cox proportional hazards model in case of tuberculosis patients in selected addis ababa health centres, ethiopia.","volume":"2014","author":"Tolosie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tuberc. Res. Treat."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00985","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00985-19","article-title":"Comparing QuantiFERON-TB gold plus with other tests to diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"57","author":"Venkatappa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-240","article-title":"Analysis of latent tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium infection data using mixture models.","volume":"6","author":"Villate","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374279-7.09009-3","article-title":"Extrafollicular antibody responses","author":"Vinuesa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Immunobiology"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00029.x","article-title":"PPE protein (Rv3425) from DNA segment RD11 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a novel immunodominant antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces humoral and cellular immune responses in mice.","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00481-12","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis region of difference (RD) 2 antigen Rv1985c and RD11 antigen Rv3425 have the promising potential to distinguish patients with active tuberculosis from M. bovis BCG-vaccinated individuals.","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1572-x","article-title":"Screening and identification of a six-cytokine biosignature for detecting TB infection and discriminating active from latent TB.","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20930-0","article-title":"Human antibodies targeting a Mycobacterium transporter protein mediate protection against tuberculosis.","volume":"12","author":"Watson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040221","article-title":"Biomarkers of inflammation, immunosuppression and stress with active disease are revealed by metabolomic profiling of tuberculosis patients.","volume":"7","author":"Weiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12902","article-title":"Sessile alveolar macrophages communicate with alveolar epithelium to modulate immunity.","volume":"506","author":"Westphalen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B170","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee,\u201d in Guidelines on the Management of Latent Tuberculosis Infection."},{"key":"B171","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2018."},{"key":"B172","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2020."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21475-y","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiota composition predicts peripheral inflammatory state during treatment of human tuberculosis.","volume":"12","author":"Wipperman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.010","article-title":"Biomarkers for discrimination between latent tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis disease.","volume":"74","author":"Won","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.9b00678","article-title":"ATBdiscrimination: an in silico tool for identification of active tuberculosis disease based on routine blood test and T-SPOT.TB detection results.","volume":"59","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.18.0060","article-title":"Evaluation of panels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis.","volume":"22","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.07.009","article-title":"Neutrophils exert protection in the early tuberculous granuloma by oxidative killing of mycobacteria phagocytosed from infected macrophages.","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B178","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epitope Prediction, Recombinant Protein Preparation and Immunological Characteristics Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05676-2","article-title":"Use of T-SPOT.TB for the diagnosis of unconventional pleural tuberculosis is superior to ADA in high prevalence areas: a prospective analysis of 601 cases.","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.23749\/mdl.v111i3.9983","article-title":"The diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI): currently available tests, future developments, and perspectives to eliminate tuberculosis (TB).","volume":"111","author":"Zellweger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Lav."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01561.x","article-title":"PPE protein (Rv3425) from DNA segment RD11 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a potential B-cell antigen used for serological diagnosis to distinguish vaccinated controls from tuberculosis patients.","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.1021\/pr4007359","article-title":"Application of (1)h NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics to sera of tuberculosis patients.","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00457","article-title":"Application of immunoscore model for the differentiation between active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection as well as monitoring anti-tuberculosis therapy.","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.745592\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T03:33:27Z","timestamp":1634873607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.745592\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"references-count":183,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2021.745592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.745592","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"article-number":"745592"}}