{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:12:54Z","timestamp":1786633974179,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Through staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) production, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> is a common cause of food poisoning. Detection of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is mostly performed using immunoassays, which, however, only detect five of 27 SEs described to date. Polymerase chain reactions are, therefore, frequently used in complement to identify a bigger arsenal of SE at the gene level (<jats:italic>se<\/jats:italic>) but are labor-intensive. Complete <jats:italic>se<\/jats:italic> profiling of isolates from different sources, i.e., food and human cases, is, however, important to provide an indication of their potential link within foodborne outbreak investigation. In addition to complete <jats:italic>se<\/jats:italic> gene profiling, relatedness between isolates is determined with more certainty using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> protein A gene typing and other methods, but these are shown to lack resolution. We evaluated how whole genome sequencing (WGS) can offer a solution to these shortcomings. By WGS analysis of a selection of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates, including some belonging to a confirmed foodborne outbreak, its added value as the ultimate multiplexing method was demonstrated. In contrast to PCR-based <jats:italic>se<\/jats:italic> gene detection for which primers are sometimes shown to be non-specific, WGS enabled complete <jats:italic>se<\/jats:italic> gene profiling with high performance, provided that a database containing reference sequences for all <jats:italic>se<\/jats:italic> genes was constructed and employed. The custom compiled database and applied parameters were made publicly available in an online user-friendly interface. As an all-in-one approach with high resolution, WGS additionally allowed inferring correct isolate relationships. The different DNA extraction kits that were tested affected neither <jats:italic>se<\/jats:italic> gene profiling nor relatedness determination, which is interesting for data sharing during SFP outbreak investigation. Although confirming the production of enterotoxins remains important for SFP investigation, we delivered a proof-of-concept that WGS is a valid alternative and\/or complementary tool for outbreak investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.750278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T06:34:07Z","timestamp":1635834847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Whole Genome Sequencing Provides an Added Value to the Investigation of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Nouws","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Bogaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bavo","family":"Verhaegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Denayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse","family":"Laeremans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Marchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy H. 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