{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:51:44Z","timestamp":1789689104342,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many novel tigecycline-inactivating enzymes encoded by <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X) variants from different bacteria were discovered since the plasmid-mediated <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X3) and <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4) genes conferring high-level resistance to tigecycline in Enterobacterales and <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> were reported. However, there have been no comprehensive studies of the prevalence of different <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X) variants in poultry farms. In this study, we collected 45 chicken fecal samples, isolated <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X)-positive strains, and performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation assay, whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 15 <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X)-bearing strains were isolated from 13 samples. Species identification and <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X) subtyping analysis found that the 15 strains belonged to eight different species and harbored four different <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X) variants. Genomic investigation showed that transmission of <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X) variants was associated with various mobile genetic elements, and <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4) was the most prevalent variant transferred by conjugative plasmids. Meanwhile, we characterized a plasmid co-harboring <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X6) and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA\u201358<\/jats:sub> in <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>. In summary, we demonstrated that different <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X) variants were widely disseminated in the chicken farming environment and dominated by <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4). This finding expands the understanding of the prevalence of <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X) among different animal sources, and it was advocated to reduce the usage of antibiotics to limit the emergence and transmission of novel <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X) variants in the poultry industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.751006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T10:55:04Z","timestamp":1639997704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Abundant tet(X) Variants Among Diverse Bacterial Species of Chicken Origin in Jiangsu, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yingshan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinran","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruichao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-402","article-title":"BLAST ring image generator (BRIG): simple prokaryote genome comparisons.","volume":"12","author":"Alikhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing.","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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