{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:57:09Z","timestamp":1789649829030,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung und Landwirtschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the causative organism of the zoonosis Q fever and is known for its resistance toward various intra- and extracellular stressors. Infected ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats can shed the pathogen in their milk. Pasteurization of raw milk was introduced for the inactivation of\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other milk-borne pathogens. Legal regulations for the pasteurization of milk are mostly based on recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius. As described there,\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is considered as the most heat-resistant non-spore-forming bacterial pathogen in milk and has to be reduced by at least 5 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    -steps during the pasteurization process. However, the corresponding inactivation data for\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    originate from experiments performed more than 60 years ago. Recent scientific findings and the technological progress of modern pasteurization equipment indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is potentially more effectively inactivated during pasteurization than demanded in the Codex Alimentarius. In the present study, ultra-high heat-treated milk was inoculated with different\n                    <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    field isolates and subsequently heat-treated in a pilot-plant pasteurizer. Kinetic inactivation data in terms of\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    - and\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    -values were determined and used for the calculation of heat-dependent log reduction. With regard to the mandatory 5 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    -step reduction of the pathogen, the efficacy of the established heat treatment regime was confirmed, and, in addition, a reduction of the pasteurization temperature seems feasible.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.753871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T01:35:48Z","timestamp":1641432948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Inactivation Kinetics of Coxiella burnetii During High-Temperature Short-Time Pasteurization of Milk"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marcel","family":"Wittwer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Runge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Valentin-Weigand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Henning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Mertens-Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003017","article-title":"Experimental Coxiella burnetii infection in pregnant goats: excretion routes.","volume":"34","author":"Arricau Bouvery","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. 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