{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T10:03:56Z","timestamp":1791453836917,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cationic proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin 26 (IL-26) shows antibacterial activity and inhibits the replication of cytomegalovirus and hepatitis C virus. This study evaluates the early microbicidal activities of IL-26 against major bacterial species including multi-resistant variants and <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. Recombinant IL-26 was bacterially expressed and studied for its microbicidal effects in culture. We show that IL-26 has strong 90% bactericidal activities against <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>. Similarly, IL-26 sensitivity was also detectable in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus species, methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, and carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates. Additionally, a significant, albeit weak fungicidal effect against <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> was observed. Activities against <jats:italic>Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> were not detectable. The proinflammatory cytokine and kinocidin IL-26 shows strong bactericidal activities against <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> and, almost selectively, against Gram-positive bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.757215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T01:32:18Z","timestamp":1634693538000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Kinocidin Interleukin-26 Shows Immediate Antimicrobial Effects Even to Multi-resistant Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bjoern-Thore","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Maschkowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Podschun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Fickenscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.07.842","article-title":"Phenotype and antimicrobial activity of Th17 cells induced by Propionibacterium acnes strains associated with healthy and acne skin","volume":"138","author":"Agak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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