{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:18:36Z","timestamp":1787026716779,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance is a major concern in the dairy industry. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and genome sequencing of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 350) and subclinical (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 95) bovine mastitis, and raw unpasteurized milk (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 125).\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (100% each),\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (87.78%), and\n                    <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (69.7%) were the most prevalent multidrug-resistant (MDR) species. Extensive drug-resistance (XDR) phenotype was found in\n                    <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (30.30%) and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (3.33%) isolates. Ten isolates (four\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , three\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species and three\n                    <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) that displayed the highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices (0.54\u20130.83), were exposed to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Two multilocus sequence types (MLST): ST2165 and ST7624 were identified among the sequenced\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Three\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates (two from clinical mastitis and one from raw milk) belonging to ST2165 showed similar profile of plasmid replicon types: IncFIA, IncFIB, IncFII, and IncQ1 with an exception to an isolate that contained IncR, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST7624 showed a different plasmid profile including IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncI1\u03b1, and IncFII replicon types. ResFinder findings revealed the presence of plasmid-mediated colistin\n                    <jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>10<\/jats:italic>\n                    and fosfomycin\n                    <jats:italic>fosA<\/jats:italic>\n                    5 resistance genes in a\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (K1) isolate from bovine milk. Sequence analysis of the reconstructed\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-10<\/jats:italic>\n                    plasmid from WGS of K1 isolate, showed that\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-10<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was bracketed by\n                    <jats:italic>xer<\/jats:italic>\n                    C and insertion sequence IS26 on an IncFIB plasmid. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that K1 isolate existed in a clade including\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-10<\/jats:italic>\n                    -harboring isolates from human and environment with different STs and countries [United Kingdom (ST788), Australia (ST323), Malawi (ST2144), Myanmar (ST705), and Laos (ST2355)]. This study reports the first emergence of\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    co-harboring\n                    <jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>10<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>fosA5<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes from bovine milk in the Middle East, which constitutes a public health threat and heralds the penetration of the last-resort antibiotics. Hence, prudent use of antibiotics in both humans and animals and antimicrobial surveillance plans are urgently required.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.770813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T01:32:39Z","timestamp":1638927159000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Whole-Genome Sequencing of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated From Bovine Mastitis and Raw Milk: The First Emergence of Colistin mcr-10 and Fosfomycin fosA5 Resistance Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae in Middle East"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yasmine H.","family":"Tartor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norhan K.","family":"Abd El-Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha M. 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