{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:42:59Z","timestamp":1776836579074,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["390713860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390713860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Clostridium septicum<\/jats:italic> is a Gram-positive, toxin-producing, and spore-forming bacterium that is recognized, together with <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>, as the most important etiologic agent of progressive gas gangrene. <jats:italic>Clostridium septicum<\/jats:italic> infections are almost always fatal in humans and animals. Despite its clinical and agricultural relevance, there is currently limited knowledge of the diversity and genome structure of <jats:italic>C. septicum<\/jats:italic>. This study presents the complete genome sequence of <jats:italic>C. septicum<\/jats:italic> DSM 7534<jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup> type strain as well as the first comparative analysis of five <jats:italic>C. septicum<\/jats:italic> genomes. The taxonomy of <jats:italic>C. septicum<\/jats:italic>, as revealed by 16S rRNA analysis as well as by genomic wide indices such as protein-based phylogeny, average nucleotide identity, and digital DNA\u2013DNA hybridization indicates a stable clade. The composition and presence of prophages, CRISPR elements and accessory genetic material was variable in the investigated genomes. This is in contrast to the limited genetic variability described for the phylogenetically and phenotypically related species <jats:italic>Clostridium chauvoei<\/jats:italic>. The restriction-modification (RM) systems between two <jats:italic>C. septicum<\/jats:italic> genomes were heterogeneous for the RM types they encoded. <jats:italic>C. septicum<\/jats:italic> has an open pangenome with 2,311 genes representing the core genes and 1,429 accessory genes. The core genome SNP divergence between genome pairs varied up to 4,886 pairwise SNPs. A vast arsenal of potential virulence genes was detected in the genomes studied. Sequence analysis of these genes revealed that sialidase, hemolysin, and collagenase genes are conserved compared to the \u03b1-toxin and hyaluronidase genes. In addition, a conserved gene found in all <jats:italic>C. septicum<\/jats:italic> genomes was predicted to encode a leucocidin homolog (beta-channel forming cytolysin) similar (71.10% protein identity) to <jats:italic>Clostridium chauvoei<\/jats:italic> toxin A (CctA), which is a potent toxin. In conclusion, our results provide first, valuable insights into strain relatedness and genomic plasticity of <jats:italic>C. septicum<\/jats:italic> and contribute to our understanding of the virulence mechanisms of this important human and animal pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.771945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T12:51:58Z","timestamp":1639054318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["First Comparative Analysis of Clostridium septicum Genomes Provides Insights Into the Taxonomy, Species Genetic Diversity, and Virulence Related to Gas Gangrene"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Prasad","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mostafa Y.","family":"Abdel-Glil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anbazhagan","family":"Subbaiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Eichhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lothar H.","family":"Wieler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Pletz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Seyboldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86148-8","article-title":"Comparative in silico genome analysis of Clostridium perfringens unravels stable phylogroups with different genome characteristics and pathogenic potential","volume":"11","author":"Abdel-Glil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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