{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:08:51Z","timestamp":1784941731557,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012125","name":"Agricultural Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effective elimination of <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> through cleaning and sanitation is of great importance to the food processing industry. Specifically in fresh produce operations, the lack of a kill step requires effective cleaning and sanitation to mitigate the risk of cross-contamination from the environment. As facilities rely on sanitizers to control <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>, reports of the development of tolerance to sanitizers and other antimicrobials through cross-resistance is of particular concern. We investigated the potential for six <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> isolates from fresh produce handling and processing facilities and packinghouses to develop cross-resistance between a commercial sanitizer and antibiotics. Experimental adaptation of isolates belonging to hypervirulent clonal complexes (CC2, CC4, and CC6) to a commercial quaternary ammonium compound sanitizer (cQAC) resulted in elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (2\u20133 ppm) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (3\u20134 ppm). Susceptibility to cQAC was restored for all adapted (qAD) isolates in the presence of reserpine, a known efflux pump inhibitor. Reduced sensitivity to 7\/17 tested antibiotics (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, kanamycin, novobiocin, penicillin, and streptomycin) was observed in all tested isolates. qAD isolates remained susceptible to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of listeriosis (i.e., ampicillin and gentamicin). The whole genome sequencing of qAD strains, followed by comparative genomic analysis, revealed several mutations in <jats:italic>fepR<\/jats:italic>, the regulator for FepA fluoroquinolone efflux pump. The results suggest that mutations in <jats:italic>fepR<\/jats:italic> play a role in the reduction in antibiotic susceptibility following low level adaptation to cQAC. Further investigation into the cross-resistance mechanisms and pressures leading to the development of this phenomenon among <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> isolates recovered from different sources is needed to better understand the likelihood of cross-resistance development in food chain isolates and the implications for the food industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.782920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T04:56:20Z","timestamp":1641790580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Adaptation to a Commercial Quaternary Ammonium Compound Sanitizer Leads to Cross-Resistance to Select Antibiotics in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated From Fresh Produce Environments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Bland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Waite-Cusic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra J.","family":"Weisberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Riutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Kovacevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1605(00)00357-3","article-title":"Occurrence of and a possible mechanism for resistance to a quaternary ammonium compound in Listeria monocytogenes.","volume":"62","author":"Aase","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111647","article-title":"Efflux pump-driven antibiotic and biocide cross-resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different ecological niches: a case study in the development of multidrug resistance in environmental hotspots.","volume":"8","author":"Amsalu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02050","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes response to sublethal chlorine induced oxidative stress on homologous and heterologous stress adaptation.","volume":"9","author":"Bansal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.15.4168-4176.2002","article-title":"The baeSR two-component regulatory system activates transcription of the yegMNOB (mdtABCD) transporter gene cluster in Escherichia coli and increases its resistance to novobiocin and deoxycholate.","volume":"184","author":"Baranova","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(94)90157-0","article-title":"A dynamic approach to predicting bacterial growth in food.","volume":"23","author":"Baranyi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3380","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.","volume":"13","author":"Blair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102454","article-title":"Application of whole genome sequencing to understand diversity and presence of genes associated with sanitizer tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes from produce handling sources.","volume":"10","author":"Bland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2021.103752","article-title":"Relative performance of commercial citric acid and quaternary ammonium sanitizers against Listeria monocytogenes under conditions relevant to food industry.","volume":"97","author":"Boucher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.73-78.2004","article-title":"Adaptive resistance to biocides in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157 and cross-resistance to antimicrobial agents.","volume":"42","author":"Braoudaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.12.016","article-title":"A review of Listeria monocytogenes: an update on outbreaks, virulence, dose-response, ecology, and risk assessments.","volume":"75","author":"Buchanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1363-1369","article-title":"Genomic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolates reveals that their persistence in a pig slaughterhouse is linked to the presence of benzalkonium chloride resistance genes.","volume":"18","author":"Cherifi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4161\/fly.19695","article-title":"A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3.","volume":"6","author":"Cingolani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fly (Austin)"},{"key":"B13","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Suseptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria. CLSI guidline M45."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.01.041","article-title":"Assessing manufacturers\u2019 recommended concentrations of commercial sanitizers on inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes.","volume":"26","author":"Cruz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70870-9","article-title":"The global burden of listeriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"de Noordhout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0048-46","article-title":"Multidrug efflux pumps: structure, function and regulation.","volume":"16","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01751-1713","article-title":"Conservation and distribution of the benzalkonium chloride resistance cassette bcrABC in Listeria monocytogenes.","volume":"79","author":"Dutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-5-113","article-title":"MUSCLE: a multiple sequence alignment method with reduced time and space complexity.","volume":"5","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3964","article-title":"Graphtyper enables population-scale genotyping using pangenome graphs.","volume":"49","author":"Eggertsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8231","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02056-2010","article-title":"Genetic characterization of plasmid-associated benzalkonium chloride resistance determinants in a Listeria monocytogenes strain from the 1998-1999 outbreak.","volume":"76","author":"Elhanafi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107601","article-title":"Alternative approaches to the risk management of Listeria monocytogenes in low risk foods.","volume":"123","author":"Farber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2171","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes - from saprophyte to intracellular pathogen.","volume":"7","author":"Freitag","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","author":"Gallagher","year":"2003","journal-title":"FSIS Risk Assessment for Listeria monocytogenes in Deli Meats."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02664.x","article-title":"Cationic antiseptics: diversity of action under a common epithet.","volume":"99","author":"Gilbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2013.748035","article-title":"Biocides\u2013resistance, cross-resistance mechanisms and assessment.","volume":"22","author":"Gnanadhas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.2.704-708.2003","article-title":"Efflux pump lde is associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in Listeria monocytogenes.","volume":"47","author":"Godreuil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.2505-2512.2006","article-title":"How the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes mediates the switch from environmental Dr. Jekyll to pathogenic Mr. Hyde.","volume":"74","author":"Gray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106340","article-title":"Overexpression of the novel MATE fluoroquinolone efflux pump FepA in Listeria monocytogenes is driven by inactivation of its local repressor FepR.","volume":"9","author":"Guerin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00167-166","article-title":"Contribution of penicillin-binding protein homologs to antibiotic resistance, cell morphology, and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes EGDe.","volume":"50","author":"Guinane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1413","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes: a multifaceted model.","volume":"4","author":"Hamon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00672.x","article-title":"The qacG gene on plasmid pST94 confers resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in staphylococci isolated from the food industry.","volume":"86","author":"Heir","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.5.8.1727","article-title":"An update on the medical management of listeriosis.","volume":"5","author":"Hof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.2.345","article-title":"Management of listeriosis.","volume":"10","author":"Hof","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00252","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00252-219","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing-based characterization of 100 Listeria monocytogenes isolates collected from food processing environments over a four-year period.","volume":"4","author":"Hurley","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.2144\/97234bm22","article-title":"Simplified agar plate method for quantifying viable bacteria.","volume":"23","author":"Jett","year":"1997","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02350","article-title":"Role of efflux pumps in the in vitro development of ciprofloxacin resistance in Listeria monocytogenes.","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107665","article-title":"Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes clones from produce handling and processing facilities in the Pacific Northwest.","volume":"123","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2020.103468","article-title":"Prevalence of Listeria spp. in produce handling and processing facilities in the Pacific Northwest.","volume":"90","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00925-929","article-title":"Influence of sublethal concentrations of common disinfectants on expression of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes.","volume":"76","author":"Kastbjerg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0197053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197053","article-title":"Genetic diversity and virulence profiles of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from bulk tank milk, milk filters, and milking equipment from dairies in the United States (2002 to 2014).","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051052","article-title":"Low-level tolerance to fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin in QAC-adapted subpopulations of Listeria monocytogenes.","author":"Kode","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2013.01.002","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and co-selection phenomenon in Listeria spp. recovered from food and food production environments.","volume":"34","author":"Kovacevic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03741-3715","article-title":"Tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes to quaternary ammonium sanitizers is mediated by a novel efflux pump encoded by emrE.","volume":"82","author":"Kovacevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.12.008","article-title":"Benzalkonium tolerance genes and outcome in Listeria monocytogenes meningitis.","volume":"23","author":"Kremer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf065","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV of Listeria monocytogenes.","volume":"49","author":"Lampidis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.02140.x","article-title":"Cross-resistance to antibiotics of Escherichia coli adapted to benzalkonium chloride or exposed to stress-inducers.","volume":"96","author":"Langsrud","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00935-937","article-title":"Nationwide genomic atlas of soil-dwelling Listeria reveals effects of selection and population ecology on pangenome evolution.","volume":"6","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01018-1014","article-title":"Reservoirs of Listeria species in three environmental ecosystems.","volume":"80","author":"Linke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00638","article-title":"Potential impact of the resistance to quaternary ammonium disinfectants on the persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments.","volume":"7","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3501","article-title":"Uncovering Listeria monocytogenes hypervirulence by harnessing its biodiversity.","volume":"48","author":"Maury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17221","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b07736","article-title":"The antibiotic novobiocin binds and activates the ATPase that powers lipopolysaccharide transport.","volume":"139","author":"May","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.147","article-title":"Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance.","volume":"12","author":"McDonnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00397","article-title":"Comparative phenotypic and genotypic analysis of Swiss and Finnish Listeria monocytogenes isolates with respect to benzalkonium chloride resistance.","volume":"8","author":"Meier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.025","article-title":"Tolerance to quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants may enhance growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the food industry.","volume":"241","author":"M\u00f8retr\u00f8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76835","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076835","article-title":"Tn6188-a novel transposon in Listeria monocytogenes responsible for tolerance to benzalkonium chloride.","volume":"8","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4161","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.15.4161-4167.2002","article-title":"The putative response regulator BaeR stimulates multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli via a novel multidrug exporter system. MdtABC.","volume":"184","author":"Nagakubo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B57","article-title":"Product Performance Test Guidelines: OCSPP 810.2300 Sanitizers for Use on Hard Surfaces\u2014 Efficacy Data Recommendations [EPA 712-C-07-091]","year":"2012"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-65.11.1796","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from various cabbage farms and packing sheds in Texas.","volume":"65","author":"Prazak","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8714","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05941-5911","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes strains selected on ciprofloxacin or the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride exhibit reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, benzalkonium chloride, and other toxic compounds.","volume":"77","author":"Rakic-Martinez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.129.2.1045-1050.1977","article-title":"Morphological changes associated with novobiocin resistance in Bacillus licheniformis.","volume":"129","author":"Robson","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01253","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01253-1219","article-title":"Biocide-tolerant Listeria monocytogenes isolates from German food production plants do not show cross-resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics.","volume":"85","author":"Roedel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3498-3503.2006","article-title":"Role of efflux pumps in adaptation and resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to benzalkonium chloride.","volume":"72","author":"Romanova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2013major pathogens.","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B64","year":"2009","journal-title":"Assessment of the Antibiotic Resistance Effects on Biocides."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2016.04.003","article-title":"Multidrug efflux pumps of Gram-positive bacteria.","volume":"27","author":"Schindler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-20-094","article-title":"Detection and prevalence of Listeria in US produce packinghouses and fresh-cut facilities.","volume":"83","author":"Sullivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2015.03.004","article-title":"Gene expression in Listeria monocytogenes exposed to sublethal concentration of benzalkonium chloride.","volume":"40","author":"Tamburro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5258","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5258-5264.2002","article-title":"Postadaptational resistance to benzalkonium chloride and subsequent physicochemical modifications of Listeria monocytogenes.","volume":"68","author":"To","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.4.539","article-title":"Penicillin-binding protein 3 of Listeria monocytogenes as the primary lethal target for beta-lactams.","volume":"34","author":"Vicente","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2013.09.006","article-title":"Modes of action of three disinfectant active substances: a review.","volume":"67","author":"Wessels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9020080","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of antimicrobial resistance among Listeria monocytogenes isolated from Australian food production chains.","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02906","article-title":"Effect of benzalkonium chloride adaptation on sensitivity to antimicrobial agents and tolerance to environmental stresses in Listeria monocytogenes.","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.782920\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T04:56:40Z","timestamp":1641790600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.782920\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2021.782920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.782920","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"article-number":"782920"}}