{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:49:15Z","timestamp":1768805355785,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the desirable results of using probiotics and enzyme preparations as feed supplements in poultry health, here, the effects of<jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>and Non-starch Polysaccharase (NSPase) on the growth performance, serum antioxidant profiles, and gut microbial communities of early stage ducks is investigated. A total of 400<jats:italic>Zhijiang<\/jats:italic>ducks (of similar body weight and 1 day age) was selected and randomly divided into four groups. The feeding period was 28 days. Each group contained 10 replicates of 10 birds. Control group (I) was fed with basal diet, while treatment groups II to IV were fed, respectively, with 150 mg\/kg NSPases, 25 mg\/kg<jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>probiotics, and 150 mg\/kg NSPases + 25 mg\/kg<jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>probiotics in their basal diet. The results demonstrated that dietary<jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>(25 mg\/kg) increased average final weight, average daily gain (ADG), and decreased the malonaldehyde (MDA) in birds (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). Dietary<jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>(25 mg\/kg) and NSPases +<jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>(150 mg\/kg + 25 mg\/kg) presented much higher glutathione (GSH) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in birds (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). Additionally, as revealed by \u03b2-diversity indices and analysis of similarities, dietary NSPases +<jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>could affect the ileum microbial abundances and diversities at the genera level (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05), but it had no effect on the caecal microbiota. Also, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that dietary<jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>and NSPases +<jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>increased the populations of<jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic>genera in the cecum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05), and<jats:italic>S24-7_group<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>genera in the ileum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). However, dietary NSPases and<jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>alone and in combination could significantly decrease the content of<jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>in the ileum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). According to Spearman correlation analysis, 7 ilea bacterial microbiomes (<jats:italic>S24-7 group, Lactobacillus, Subgroup 2, Subgroup 1, Kitasatospora, Candidatus Solibacter, and Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>) were positively correlated with SOD (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion,<jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>(25 mg\/kg) and NSPases (150 mg\/kg) included in the diet could efficiently enhance the growth performance by altered gut microbiota composition at the genera level and antioxidant indices of ducks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.786121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T05:22:19Z","timestamp":1638940939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of Dietary Bacillus and Non-starch Polysaccharase on the Intestinal Microbiota and the Associated Changes on the Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology, and Serum Antioxidant Profiles in Ducks"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Simin","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuo","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haohan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanzhou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huajiao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuzhong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"157","article-title":"The role of exogenous enzymes in promoting growth and improving nutrient digestibility in poultry.","volume":"19","author":"Alagawany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.012","article-title":"Interactions between wheat characteristics and feed enzyme supplementation in broiler diets.","volume":"199","author":"Amerah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1079\/wps19910019","article-title":"Anti-nutritive activities of cereal non-starch polysaccharides in broiler diets and strategies minimizing their effects.","volume":"47","author":"Annison","year":"1991","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poultry Sci. J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2010.10123","article-title":"Effects of non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and blood profiles of growing pigs fed a diet based on corn and soybean meal.","volume":"23","author":"Ao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Austral. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.3.426","article-title":"Comparative development of the small intestine in the turkey poult and Pekin duckling.","volume":"84","author":"Applegate","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.08.010","article-title":"Implications of butyrate and its derivatives for gut health and animal production.","volume":"4","author":"Bedford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.692.2.12","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins11swiss cancer league, swiss national science foundation, Ministry for Italian University and Research, ERASMUS Program (M. Bordin), and Roche Research Foundation fellowship (L. Guillemot).","volume":"2","author":"Bordin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2011-00329","article-title":"Evaluation of nonstarch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes in broiler diets varying in nutrient and energy levels as measured by broiler performance and processing parameters.","volume":"21","author":"Coppedge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00632.x","article-title":"Microbes versus microbes: immune signals generated by probiotic lactobacilli and their role in protection against microbial pathogens.","volume":"34","author":"Cross","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.4238\/2013.May.23.1","article-title":"Effect of dietary Bacillus subtilis on proportion of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in swine intestine and lipid metabolism.","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000069705","article-title":"Effects of the soluble fibre pectin on intestinal cell proliferation, fecal short chain fatty acid production and microbial population.","volume":"67","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252316000207","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review.","volume":"18","author":"Gadde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2018.1464117","article-title":"Bacillus spp. as direct-fed microbial antibiotic alternatives to enhance growth, immunity, and gut health in poultry.","volume":"47","author":"Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01975","article-title":"Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis enhances growth performance, immune response and disease resistance in Cherry Valley ducks.","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/s2095-3119(16)61425-9","article-title":"Effect of replacing antibiotics using multi-enzyme preparations on production performance and antioxidant activity in piglets.","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.158766","article-title":"454 pyrosequencing reveals a shift in fecal microbiota of healthy adult men consuming polydextrose or soluble corn fiber.","volume":"142","author":"Hooda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.19.243501","article-title":"Reducing antibiotic use in livestock, China.","volume":"98","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-04086","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 spores as a probiotic feed supplement on growth performance, noxious gas emission, and intestinal microflora in broilers.","volume":"93","author":"Jeong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422413000048","article-title":"The role of added feed enzymes in promoting gut health in swine and poultry.","volume":"26","author":"Kiarie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3382\/japr\/pfv055","article-title":"Effects of dietary inclusion of a cocktail NSPase and \u03b2-mannanase separately and in combination in low energy diets on broiler performance and processing parameters.","volume":"24","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1027-1","article-title":"Association between body mass index and Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio in an adult Ukrainian population.","volume":"17","author":"Koliada","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s13765-012-2220-4","article-title":"Fate, occurrence, and toxicity of veterinary antibiotics in environment.","volume":"55","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005529414765","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids induce cytoskeletal and extracellular protein modifications associated with modulation of proliferation on primary culture of rat intestinal smooth muscle cells.","volume":"45","author":"Le Blay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2012.08.005","article-title":"Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: a gut microbiota perspective.","volume":"24","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.12.006","article-title":"Immune modulation by Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbials in commercial broiler chickens.","volume":"200","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2013.12.001","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis LS 1\u20132 fermentation biomass on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, cecal microbiota and intestinal morphology of weanling pig.","volume":"188","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005577330695","article-title":"Antioxidative effect of intestinal bacteria Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15708 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356.","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"1955","article-title":"Probiotics and enzyme preparation: effects on growth performance of yellow-feathered broilers and its mechanism.","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chinese J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.03.004","article-title":"Magnolol additive as a replacer of antibiotic enhances the growth performance of Linwu ducks.","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182426","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182426","article-title":"Disruption in the cecal microbiota of chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens and other factors was alleviated by Bacillus licheniformis supplementation.","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2017.1299741","article-title":"Effects of water supplemented with Bacillus subtilis and photosynthetic bacteria on egg production, egg quality, serum immunoglobulins and digestive enzyme activity of ducks.","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"B32","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrient requirements of Meat-Type Duck."},{"key":"B33","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: 1994."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11050406","article-title":"Bacillus-based probiotic treatment modified bacteriobiome diversity in duck feces.","volume":"11","author":"Naumova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.1270","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD on lipid and antioxidant metabolisms in rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet.","volume":"28","author":"Paik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000250014.92242.f3","article-title":"Effects of butyrate on intestinal barrier function in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model of intestinal barrier.","volume":"61","author":"Peng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2013-00739","article-title":"Feed enzymes: the science, practice, and metabolic realities.","volume":"22","author":"Ravindran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1159\/000371678","article-title":"Gut microbiota, cirrhosis, and alcohol regulate bile acid metabolism in the gut.","volume":"33","author":"Ridlon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2010.05.005","article-title":"The combination of fructooligosaccharides and resistant starch shows prebiotic additive effects in rats.","volume":"29","author":"Rodriguez-Cabezas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02088","article-title":"Alternative growth promoters modulate broiler gut microbiome and enhance body weight gain.","volume":"8","author":"Salaheen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/s0043933910000504","article-title":"Nutritive value of corn distillers dried grains with solubles as an ingredient of poultry diets: a review.","volume":"66","author":"Salim","year":"2010","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.05.021","article-title":"Effect of supplementation of Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 to broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient retention, caecal microbiology and small intestinal morphology.","volume":"93","author":"Sen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.16.0824","article-title":"Effect of sodium butyrate on performance, immune status, microarchitecture of small intestinal mucosa and lymphoid organs in broiler chickens.","volume":"30","author":"Sikandar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Austral. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2007.09.008","article-title":"Residue analysis of veterinary drugs and growth-promoting agents.","volume":"26","author":"Stolker","year":"2007","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(03)02746-6","article-title":"Using probiotics and prebiotics to improve gut health","volume":"8","author":"Tuohy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"B46","first-page":"125","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of enzymes in soybean meal rich diet on performance of growing-finishing (20-100 kg) pigs.","volume":"38","author":"Uthai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-8080-9","article-title":"Recent progress in Bacillus subtilis spore-surface display: concept, progress, and future.","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660410001730824","article-title":"Posthatch growth of the digestive system in wild and domesticated ducks.","volume":"45","author":"Watkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex226","article-title":"Comparative effects of two multi-enzyme combinations and a Bacillus probiotic on growth performance, digestibility of energy and nutrients, disappearance of non-starch polysaccharides, and gut microflora in broiler chickens.","volume":"96","author":"Wealleans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey452","article-title":"Enhancing nutrient utilization of broiler chickens through supplemental enzymes.","volume":"98","author":"Woyengo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5752-1","article-title":"Preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 by attenuating inflammation and mitochondrial injury and improving gut environment in obese mice.","volume":"98","author":"Xin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8090","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with lysine-yielding Bacillus subtilis on gut morphology, cecal microflora, and intestinal immune response of Linwu ducks.","volume":"93","author":"Xing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.786121\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T16:35:21Z","timestamp":1673973321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.786121\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2021.786121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.786121","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"article-number":"786121"}}