{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:22:11Z","timestamp":1790709731309,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a globally spreading public health problem. Among Latin America countries, Brazil has the greatest number of recorded CL cases with several <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species being associated with human cases. Laboratory diagnosis is one of the major challenges to disease control due to the low accuracy of parasitological techniques, the restricted use of molecular techniques, and the importance of differential diagnosis with regard to several dermatological and systemic diseases. In response, we have developed and validated an immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique for CL diagnosis using anti-mTXNPx monoclonal antibody (mAb). Recombinant <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\u2013mTXNPx was produced and used as an immunogen for mAb production through the somatic hybridization technique. The viability of mAb labeling of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> amastigotes was tested by IHC performed with skin biopsies from hamsters experimentally infected with <jats:italic>Leishmania amazonensis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Leishmania guyanensis<\/jats:italic>. The enzymes horseradish peroxidase (IHC-HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (IHC-AP), both biotin-free polymer detection systems, were used in the standardization step. The IHC was further validated with skin biopsies from 49 CL patients diagnosed by clinical examination and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and from 37 patients presenting other dermatological infectious diseases. Other parasitological techniques, such as direct examination and culture, were also performed for confirmed CL patients. Histopathology and IHC were performed for all included patients. Overall, the highest sensitivity was observed for IHC-AP (85.7%), followed by IHC-HRP (79.6%), direct examination (77.6%), histopathological examination (HE; 65.3%), and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture (49%). Only IHC and HE presented specificity over 90% and were able to detect CL patients regardless of parasite burden (odds ratio &amp;gt; 1.94; 95%CI: 0.34\u201311.23). A significant increase in positivity rates was observed when IHC-AP was combined with direct examination (95.9%) and HE (93.9%). The IHC techniques evaluated in here detected the main <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species causing CL in Brazil and can support diagnostic strategies for controlling this neglected disease, especially if used in combination with other approaches for an integrative laboratorial diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.790906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T07:35:34Z","timestamp":1646033734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Anti-mitochondrial Tryparedoxin Peroxidase Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunohistochemistry for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mariana Louren\u00e7o","family":"Freire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe Dutra","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine Ferreira","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00e9lia Antunes","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaella Fortini Queiroz","family":"Grenfell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Moreira","family":"Avelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gl\u00e1ucia","family":"Cota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Pascoal-Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063343","article-title":"American tegumentary leishmaniasis: effectiveness of an immunohistochemical protocol for the detection of leishmania in skin","volume":"8","author":"Alves","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04099.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction on paraffin-embedded material improve the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Amazon region.","volume":"48","author":"Amato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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