{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:59:03Z","timestamp":1790150343915,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Xanthomonas campestris<\/jats:italic>\n                    pv.\n                    <jats:italic>campestris<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Xcc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) causes black rot disease in cruciferous crops, resulting in severe yield loss worldwide. The excessive use of chemical pesticides in agriculture to control diseases has raised significant concern about the impact on the environment and human health. Nanoparticles have recently gained significant attention in agriculture owing to their promising application in plant disease control, increasing soil fertility and nutrient availability. In the current study, we synthesized thymol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (TCNPs) and assessed their antibacterial activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Xcc.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The synthesis of TCNPs was confirmed by using ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the functional groups, size, and shape of TCNPs, with sizes ranging from 54 to 250 nm, respectively. The antibacterial activity of TCNPs against\n                    <jats:italic>Xcc<\/jats:italic>\n                    was investigated\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    by liquid broth, cell viability, and live dead staining assay, and all of them demonstrated the antibacterial activity of TCNPs. Furthermore, TCNPs were found to directly inhibit the growth of\n                    <jats:italic>Xcc<\/jats:italic>\n                    by suppressing the growth of biofilm formation and the production of exopolysaccharides and xanthomonadin. The ultrastructure studies revealed membrane damage in TCNP-treated\n                    <jats:italic>Xcc<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells, causing a release of intracellular contents. Headspace\/gas chromatography (GC)\u2013mass spectrometry (MS) analysis showed changes in the volatile profile of\n                    <jats:italic>Xcc<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells treated with TCNPs. Increased amounts of carbonyl components (mainly ketones) and production of new volatile metabolites were observed in\n                    <jats:italic>Xcc<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells incubated with TCNPs. Overall, this study reveals TCNPs as a promising antibacterial candidate against\n                    <jats:italic>Xcc.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.792737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:38:51Z","timestamp":1642120731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Evaluating the Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Thymol-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Plant Bacterial Pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sarangapani","family":"Sreelatha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadimuthu","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan Si","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarojam","family":"Rajani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.148","article-title":"Bioengineered chitosan-magnesium nanocomposite: a novel agricultural antimicrobial agent against Acidovorax oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani for sustainable rice production.","volume":"168","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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