{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:52:24Z","timestamp":1791233544847,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01KI1501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI1501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13N15720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13N15720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13GW0096D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13GW0096D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PL320\/3-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL320\/3-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["433052568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["433052568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NZI\/FS227\/ZW\/CTT\/DR\/06\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NZI\/FS227\/ZW\/CTT\/DR\/06\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004166","name":"Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been shown to exhibit plenty of benefits for infants, such as prebiotic activity shaping the gut microbiota and immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity. For some pathogenic bacteria, antimicrobial activity has been proved, but most studies focus on group B streptococci. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of the total and fractionated HMOs from pooled human milk against four common human pathogenic Gram-negative species (\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia cenocepacia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and three Gram-positive species (\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The activity of HMOs against enterococci and\n                    <jats:italic>B. cenocepacia<\/jats:italic>\n                    are addressed here for the first time. We showed that HMOs exhibit a predominant activity against the Gram-positive species, with\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    being the most sensitive to the HMOs, both in planktonic bacteria and in biofilms. In further tests, we could exclude fucosyllactose as the antibacterial component. The biological significance of these findings may lie in the prevention of skin infections of the mother\u2019s breast as a consequence of breastfeeding-induced skin laceration and\/or protection of the infants\u2019 nasopharynx and lung from respiratory pathogens such as staphylococci.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.794441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T03:28:04Z","timestamp":1641353284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Human Milk Oligosaccharides Exhibit Biofilm Eradication Activity Against Matured Biofilms Formed by Different Pathogen Species"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Jarzynka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Spott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinatini","family":"Tchatchiashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Ueberschaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark Grevsen","family":"Martinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Strom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kryczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Weso\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias W.","family":"Pletz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ol\u0119dzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliwia","family":"Makarewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00183","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of human milk oligosaccharides against Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii.","volume":"4","author":"Ackerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00064","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides exhibit antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against Group B Streptococcus.","volume":"3","author":"Ackerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cws074","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama.","volume":"22","author":"Bode","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.09.001","article-title":"The functional biology of human milk oligosaccharides.","volume":"91","author":"Bode","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Hum. 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