{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:22:18Z","timestamp":1790882538611,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a well-characterized bacterium highly prevalent in the human intestinal tract and the cause of many important infections. The aim of this study was to characterize 376 extraintestinal pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains collected from four hospitals in Catalonia (Spain) between 2016 and 2017 in terms of antimicrobial resistance, siderophore production, phylogroup classification, and the presence of selected virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. In addition, the association between these characteristics and the ability to form biofilms was also analyzed. The strains studied were classified into four groups according to their biofilm formation ability: non-biofilm formers (15.7%), weak (23.1%), moderate (35.6%), and strong biofilm formers (25.6%). The strains were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (48.7%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (47.9%), and ampicillin (38%), showing a correlation between higher resistance to ciprofloxacin and lower biofilm production. Seventy-three strains (19.4%) were ESBL-producers. However, no relationship between the presence of ESBL and biofilm formation was found. The virulence factor genes\n                    <jats:italic>fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                    (92%),\n                    <jats:italic>pgaA<\/jats:italic>\n                    (84.6%), and\n                    <jats:italic>irp1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (77.1%) were the most prevalent in all the studied strains. A statistically significant correlation was found between biofilm formation and the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>iroN<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>papA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>sfa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>cnf<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>hlyA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>iutA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and colibactin-encoding genes\n                    <jats:italic>clbA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>clbB, clbN<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>clbQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Interestingly, a high prevalence of colibactin-encoding genes (19.9%) was observed. Colibactin is a virulence factor, which interferes with the eukaryotic cell cycle and has been associated with colorectal cancer in humans. Most colibactin-encoding\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates belonged to phylogroup B2, exhibited low antimicrobial resistance but moderate or high biofilm-forming ability, and were significantly associated with most of the virulence factor genes tested. Additionally, the analysis of their clonal relatedness by PFGE showed 48 different clusters, indicating a high clonal diversity among the colibactin-positive strains. Several studies have correlated the pathogenicity of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the presence of virulence factor genes; however, colibactin and its relationship to biofilm formation have been scarcely investigated. The increasing prevalence of colibactin in\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other Enterobacteriaceae and the recently described correlation with biofilm formation, makes colibactin a promising therapeutic target to prevent biofilm formation and its associated adverse effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.803862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T23:38:21Z","timestamp":1641857901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Correlation Between Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Determinants and Biofilm Formation Ability Among Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated in Catalonia, Spain"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Ball\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaiza","family":"Gabasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Ratia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melany","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.5114\/pg.2020.93235","article-title":"The role of major virulence factors and pathogenicity of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease.","volume":"15","author":"Abdelhalim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000579","article-title":"Insights into the acquisition of the pks island and production of colibactin in the Escherichia coli population.","volume":"7","author":"Auvray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Genomics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11076","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504266102","article-title":"Iron and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation.","volume":"102","author":"Banin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75418-3_12","article-title":"Escherichia coli biofilms.","volume":"322","author":"Beloin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03865.x","article-title":"Global impact of mature biofilm lifestyle on Escherichia coli K-12 gene expression.","volume":"51","author":"Beloin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05826","article-title":"The unexhausted potential of E. coli.","volume":"4","author":"Blount","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.37201\/req\/019.2021","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of ceftolozane-tazobactam against Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered during the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) program in Spain (2016-2018).","volume":"34","author":"Cant\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090774","article-title":"Transposon insertion in the purL gene induces biofilm depletion in Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.","volume":"9","author":"Cepas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0027","article-title":"Relationship between biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.","volume":"25","author":"Cepas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PPAT.1009310","article-title":"Uropathogenic E. coli induces DNA damage in the bladder.","volume":"17","author":"Chagneau","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12019","article-title":"The Clermont Escherichia coli phylo-typing method revisited: improvement of specificity and detection of new phylo-groups.","volume":"5","author":"Clermont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"B12","year":"2020","journal-title":"CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 30th Edition. CLSI Supplement M100."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.10.002","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and virulence of Escherichia coli O16: H5-ST131: Comparison with H30 and H30-Rx subclones of O25b: H4-ST131.","volume":"304","author":"Dahbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah3648.Patients","article-title":"Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis harbor colonic biofilms containing tumorigenic bacteria.","volume":"359","author":"Dejea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18321","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406199111","article-title":"Microbiota organization is a distinct feature of proximal colorectal cancers.","volume":"111","author":"Dejea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02365-09","article-title":"Cyclomodulins in urosepsis strains of Escherichia coli.","volume":"48","author":"Dubois","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2009.372","article-title":"The optimization of a rapid pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for the typing of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.","volume":"62","author":"Durmaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0908-2","article-title":"Colibactin DNA-damage signature indicates mutational impact in colorectal cancer.","volume":"26","author":"Dziuba\u0144ska-Kusibab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B19","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2016. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net)."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku078","article-title":"Impact of quinolone-resistance acquisition on biofilm production and fitness in Salmonella enterica.","volume":"69","author":"F\u00e0brega","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10040151","article-title":"Colibactin: More than a new bacterial toxin.","volume":"10","author":"Fa\u00efs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.607512","article-title":"A virulence associated siderophore importer reduces antimicrobial susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae.","volume":"12","author":"Farzand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040161","article-title":"Clonal structure, virulence factor-encoding genes and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli, causing urinary tract infections and other extraintestinal infections in humans in spain and france during 2016.","volume":"9","author":"Flament-Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6137","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b00815","article-title":"Role of flagella in adhesion of Escherichia coli to abiotic surfaces.","volume":"31","author":"Friedlander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1089\/1076629041310136","article-title":"Characterization and localization of drug resistance determinants in multidrug-resistant, integron-carrying Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium strains.","volume":"10","author":"Guerra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01791","article-title":"Typical and atypical enteroaggregative Escherichia coli are both virulent in the Galleria mellonella model.","volume":"10","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12018","article-title":"Regulation of flagellar motility during biofilm formation.","volume":"37","author":"Guttenplan","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1039\/c4mt00333k","article-title":"Diverging roles of bacterial siderophores during infection.","volume":"7","author":"Holden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2962-2964.2005","article-title":"Quinolone-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains from phylogenetic group B2 have fewer virulence factors than their susceptible counterparts.","volume":"43","author":"Horcajada","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl326","article-title":"Phylogenetic background and carriage of pathogenicity island-like domains in relation to antibiotic resistance profiles among Escherichia coli urosepsis isolates.","volume":"58","author":"Houdouin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1086\/315217","article-title":"Extended virulence genotypes of Escherichia coli strains from patients with urosepsis in relation to phylogeny and host compromise.","volume":"181","author":"Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3906","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00949-08","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic distribution of the Escherichia coli pks genomic island.","volume":"46","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.3040-3047.2000","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological and phylogenetic associations of two novel putative virulence genes, iha and iroNE. coli, among Escherichia coli isolates from patients with urosepsis.","volume":"68","author":"Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00401","article-title":"Iron and virulence in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: All We Know So Far.","volume":"8","author":"Kalidasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3736-3742.2004","article-title":"Emergence and spread, of three clonally related virulent isolates of CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli with variable resistance to aminoglycosides and tetracycline in a French geriatric hospital.","volume":"48","author":"Leflon-Guibout","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.04.010","article-title":"Rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes.","volume":"92","author":"Lescat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl483","article-title":"CTX-M: Changing the face of ESBLs in Europe.","volume":"59","author":"Livermore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance.","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00135-18","article-title":"Global extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) lineages.","volume":"32","author":"Manges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PPAT.1003437","article-title":"Interplay between siderophores and colibactin genotoxin biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli.","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02607.x","article-title":"Enterobactin is required for biofilm development in reduced-genome Escherichia coli.","volume":"13","author":"May","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky296","article-title":"Emergence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli ST131-C1-M27 clade colonizing patients in Europe.","volume":"73","author":"Merino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw133","article-title":"CTX-M-15-H30Rx-ST131 subclone is one of the main causes of healthcare-associated ESBL-producing Escherichia coli bacteraemia of urinary origin in Spain.","volume":"71","author":"Merino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.00722.x","article-title":"Multiplex PCR amplification assay for the detection of blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX\u2013M genes in Enterobacteriaceae.","volume":"115","author":"Monstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0304-y","article-title":"Prevalence and pathologic effects of colibactin and cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 (Cnf 1) in Escherichia coli: Experimental and bioinformatics analyses.","volume":"11","author":"Morgan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut. Pathog."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.10.3747-3749.2001","article-title":"Identification of CTX-M-14 extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase in clinical isolates of Shigella sonnei. Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Korea.","volume":"39","author":"Pai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00915-06","article-title":"Prevalence in the United States of aac(6\u2019)-Ib-cr encoding a ciprofloxacin-modifying enzyme.","volume":"50","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00522-09","article-title":"Genetic structure and distribution of the colibactin genomic island among members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.","volume":"77","author":"Putze","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6560","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i21.6560","article-title":"Colon cancer-associated B2 Escherichia coli colonize gut mucosa and promote cell proliferation.","volume":"20","author":"Raisch","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1347","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme: a new adaptation of a common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase.","volume":"12","author":"Robicsek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001652","article-title":"Outbreak caused by Escherichia coli O18:K1:H7 sequence type 95 in a neonatal intensive care unit in Barcelona, Spain.","volume":"36","author":"S\u00e1ez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0290-0","article-title":"Virulence factors, prevalence and potential transmission of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from different sources: Recent reports.","volume":"11","author":"Sarowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut. Pathog."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.10.009","article-title":"Genetic diversity, phylogroup distribution and virulence gene profile of pks positive Escherichia coli colonizing human intestinal polyps.","volume":"112","author":"Sarshar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90612-9","article-title":"Universal chemical assay for the detection and determination of siderophores.","volume":"160","author":"Schwyn","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13078","article-title":"Escherichia coli biofilm: development and therapeutic strategies.","volume":"121","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-019-0340-y","article-title":"Extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli and the correlation of biofilm with antibiotics resistance in Nepal.","volume":"18","author":"Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3390\/biom7040075","article-title":"The production of curli amyloid fibers is deeply integrated into the biology of Escherichia coli.","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x","article-title":"Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: Overview of testing conditions and practical recommendations for assessment of biofilm production by staphylococci.","volume":"115","author":"Stepanovi\u0107","year":"2007","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02631","article-title":"Molecular genetic and functional analysis of pks-harboring, extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli from India.","volume":"9","author":"Suresh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02070-06","article-title":"Escherichia coli isolates associated with uncomplicated and complicated cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria possess similar phylogenies, virulence genes, and O-serogroup profiles.","volume":"44","author":"Takahashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.07.010","article-title":"The role of functional amyloids in bacterial virulence.","volume":"430","author":"Van Gerven","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1086\/342955","article-title":"Are quinolone-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli less virulent?","volume":"186","author":"Vila","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2020.127280","article-title":"Structure and bioactivity of colibactin.","volume":"30","author":"Wernke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01988-06","article-title":"Detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae by use of semiautomated microbiology systems and manual detection procedures.","volume":"45","author":"Wiegand","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki412","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for rapid detection of genes encoding CTX-M extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases [4].","volume":"57","author":"Woodford","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4672","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.38.12.4672-4675.2000","article-title":"High-pathogenicity island of Yersinia spp. in Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhea patients in China.","volume":"38","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2020.066","article-title":"Characterization of colibactin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Japanese patients with colorectal cancer.","volume":"73","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Japanese J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.803862\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T12:04:12Z","timestamp":1700049852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.803862\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2021.803862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.803862","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"article-number":"803862"}}