{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:20:36Z","timestamp":1782217236012,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI140167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI140167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI154305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI154305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201806370171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201806370171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cells reprogram their transcriptome in response to stress, such as heat shock. In free-living bacteria, the transcriptomic reprogramming is mediated by increased DNA-binding activity of heat shock sigma factors and activation of genes normally repressed by heat-induced transcription factors. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analyses to investigate heat shock response in the obligate intracellular bacterium<jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, whose genome encodes only three sigma factors and a single heat-induced transcription factor. Nearly one-third of<jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>genes showed statistically significant (\u22651.5-fold) expression changes 30\u2009min after shifting from 37 to 45\u00b0C. Notably, chromosomal genes encoding chaperones, energy metabolism enzymes, type III secretion proteins, as well as most plasmid-encoded genes, were differentially upregulated. In contrast, genes with functions in protein synthesis were disproportionately downregulated. These findings suggest that facilitating protein folding, increasing energy production, manipulating host activities, upregulating plasmid-encoded gene expression, and decreasing general protein synthesis helps facilitate<jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>survival under stress. In addition to relieving negative regulation by the heat-inducible transcriptional repressor HrcA, heat shock upregulated the chlamydial primary sigma factor \u03c3<jats:sup>66<\/jats:sup>and an alternative sigma factor \u03c3<jats:sup>28<\/jats:sup>. Interestingly, we show for the first time that heat shock downregulates the other alternative sigma factor \u03c3<jats:sup>54<\/jats:sup>in a bacterium. Downregulation of \u03c3<jats:sup>54<\/jats:sup>was accompanied by increased expression of the \u03c3<jats:sup>54<\/jats:sup>RNA polymerase activator AtoC, thus suggesting a unique regulatory mechanism for reestablishing normal expression of select \u03c3<jats:sup>54<\/jats:sup>target genes. Taken together, our findings reveal that<jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>utilizes multiple novel survival strategies to cope with environmental stress and even to replicate. Future strategies that can specifically target and disrupt<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\u2019s heat shock response will likely be of therapeutic value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.812448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T08:53:48Z","timestamp":1641200028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Robust Heat Shock Response in Chlamydia Lacking a Typical Heat Shock Sigma Factor"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yehong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wurihan","family":"Wurihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korri","family":"Weldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Fondell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhou","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2005.03.002","article-title":"The chlamydial developmental cycle","volume":"29","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R106","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2010-11-10-r106","article-title":"Differential expression analysis for sequence count data","volume":"11","author":"Anders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu638","article-title":"HTSeq\u2013a python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"31","author":"Anders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33992","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.258426","article-title":"The Chlamydia effector chlamydial outer protein N (CopN) sequesters tubulin and prevents microtubule assembly","volume":"286","author":"Archuleta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2011.04.008","article-title":"MVB vesicle formation: ESCRT-dependent, ESCRT-independent and everything in between","volume":"23","author":"Babst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16691","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M513648200","article-title":"Metalloprotease inhibitors GM6001 and TAPI-0 inhibit the obligate intracellular human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis by targeting peptide deformylase of the bacterium","volume":"281","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.7.1632-1641.1998","article-title":"The CIRCE element and its putative repressor control cell cycle expression of the Caulobacter crescentus groESL operon","volume":"180","author":"Baldini","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v3i1.13937","article-title":"Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks","volume":"3","author":"Bastian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Int. AAAI Conf. Web Soc. Media"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535394100","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of chlamydial growth during IFN-\u03b3-mediated persistence and reactivation","volume":"100","author":"Belland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00184-00117","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00184-17","article-title":"Genomewide transcriptional responses of iron-starved Chlamydia trachomatis reveal prioritization of metabolic precursor synthesis over protein translation","volume":"3","author":"Brinkworth","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0068520","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00685-20","article-title":"Persistence alters the interaction between Chlamydia trachomatis and its host cell","volume":"89","author":"Brockett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2019.09.691","article-title":"The multiple functions of the numerous Chlamydia trachomatis secreted proteins: the tip of the iceberg","volume":"6","author":"Bugalh\u00e3o","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbial Cell"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.31.3.1161-1176.1981","article-title":"Purification and partial characterization of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"31","author":"Caldwell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9859","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813559116","article-title":"Insight into microtubule nucleation from tubulin-capping proteins","volume":"116","author":"Campanacci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003954","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003954","article-title":"The chlamydia trachomatis type III secretion chaperone Slc1 engages multiple early effectors, including TepP, a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein required for the recruitment of CrkI-II to nascent inclusions and innate immune signaling","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6733","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05792-11","article-title":"A Chlamydia-specific C-terminal region of the stress response regulator HrcA modulates its repressor activity","volume":"193","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2004.11.048","article-title":"An important role for RNase R in mRNA decay","volume":"17","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.047","article-title":"ATP-triggered conformational changes delineate substrate-binding and -folding mechanics of the GroEL chaperonin","volume":"149","author":"Clare","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e196","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy402","article-title":"Outbreak of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections and X-ray-confirmed pneumonia in army trainees at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, 2014","volume":"184","author":"Clemmons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10166","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402829101","article-title":"A chlamydial type III translocated protein is tyrosine-phosphorylated at the site of entry and associated with recruitment of actin","volume":"101","author":"Clifton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.11.1514","article-title":"Isolation of chlamydia trachomatis from the liver of a patient with prolonged fever","volume":"28","author":"Dan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.23","article-title":"Regulatory (pan-)genome of an obligate intracellular pathogen in the PVC superphylum","volume":"10","author":"De Barsy","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01374.x","article-title":"ClpE, a novel type of HSP100 ATPase, is part of the CtsR heat shock regulon of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"32","author":"Derre","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01152.x","article-title":"CtsR, a novel regulator of stress and heat shock response, controls clp and molecular chaperone gene expression in gram-positive bacteria","volume":"31","author":"Derre","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02124.x","article-title":"The CtsR regulator of stress response is active as a dimer and specifically degraded in vivo at 37 degrees C","volume":"38","author":"Derre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(00)00094-9","article-title":"Expression of the transcripts of the sigma factors and putative sigma factor regulators of Chlamydia trachomatis L2","volume":"247","author":"Douglas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.5.2447-2455.1990","article-title":"A polymerase chain reaction-based approach to cloning sigma factors from eubacteria and its application to the isolation of a sigma-70 homolog from Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"172","author":"Engel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6959","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.12.6959-6972.1990","article-title":"Heat shock response of murine Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"172","author":"Engel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.15.4252-4260.1995","article-title":"Characterization of late gene promoters of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"177","author":"Fahr","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092412-155737","article-title":"Bacterial sigma factors: a historical, structural, and genomic perspective","volume":"68","author":"Feklistov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6466","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.18.6466-6478.2005","article-title":"Analysis of putative Chlamydia trachomatis chaperones Scc2 and Scc3 and their use in the identification of type III secretion substrates","volume":"187","author":"Fields","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02212.x","article-title":"Evidence for the secretion of Chlamydia trachomatis CopN by a type III secretion mechanism","volume":"38","author":"Fields","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03462.x","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis type III secretion: evidence for a functional apparatus during early-cycle development","volume":"48","author":"Fields","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D261","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1223","article-title":"Expanded microbial genome coverage and improved protein family annotation in the COG database","volume":"43","author":"Galperin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2010.00239.x","article-title":"Mechanisms for activating bacterial RNA polymerase","volume":"34","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"423","article-title":"ATP-dependent proteases in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells","volume":"1","author":"Goldberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr064","article-title":"FIMO: scanning for occurrences of a given motif","volume":"27","author":"Grant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(84)90493-8","article-title":"The htpR gene product of E. coli is a sigma factor for heat-shock promoters","volume":"38","author":"Grossman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.59.1.1-30.1995","article-title":"The sigma factors of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"59","author":"Haldenwang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26784","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005389117","article-title":"The Chlamydia effector CT622\/TaiP targets a nonautophagy related function of ATG16L1","volume":"117","author":"Hamaoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13093","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of the Chlamydia heat shock stress response in an intracellular infection","volume":"97","author":"Hanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.396932.x","article-title":"Heat-shock and general stress response in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"19","author":"Hecker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01034-06","article-title":"Chlamydial type III secretion system is encoded on ten operons preceded by sigma 70-like promoter elements","volume":"189","author":"Hefty","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(99)80024-1","article-title":"Anti-sigma factors","volume":"2","author":"Helmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.8.3516","article-title":"Degradation of sigma 32, the heat shock regulator in Escherichia coli, is governed by HflB","volume":"92","author":"Herman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00581.x","article-title":"Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis CT621, a protein delivered through the type III secretion system to the host cell cytoplasm and nucleus","volume":"57","author":"Hobolt-Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.031708-0","article-title":"The hrcA and hspR regulons of Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"156","author":"Holmes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7981","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01281-07","article-title":"Transcriptomic and phenotypic analyses suggest a network between the transcriptional regulators HrcA and \u03c3B in Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"73","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa027","article-title":"GlgA plays an important role in the induction of hydrosalpinx by Chlamydia muridarum","volume":"78","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.52.1.231","article-title":"The anti-sigma factors","volume":"52","author":"Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8453","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.24.8453","article-title":"Transcription of glnA by purified Escherichia coli components: core RNA polymerase and the products of glnF, glnG, and glnL","volume":"82","author":"Hunt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-190","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis responds to heat shock, penicillin induced persistence, and IFN-gamma persistence by altering levels of the extracytoplasmic stress response protease HtrA","volume":"8","author":"Huston","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00106-07","article-title":"Mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis entry into nonphagocytic cells","volume":"75","author":"Hybiske","year":"","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11430","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703218104","article-title":"Mechanisms of host cell exit by the intracellular bacterium Chlamydia","volume":"104","author":"Hybiske","year":"","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01464.x","article-title":"Glucose metabolism in Chlamydia trachomatis: the \u2018energy parasite\u2019 hypothesis revisited","volume":"33","author":"Iliffe-Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-102","article-title":"Protein abundance profiling of the Escherichia coli cytosol","volume":"9","author":"Ishihama","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2008.10.002","article-title":"Induction of type III secretion by cell-free chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies","volume":"45","author":"Jamison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00999.x","article-title":"Transcription of rpoH, encoding the Escherichia coli heat-shock regulator sigma32, is negatively controlled by the cAMP-CRP\/CytR nucleoprotein complex","volume":"29","author":"Kallipolitis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.6.1958-1966.2003","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the multiple GroEL proteins of Chlamydiae","volume":"185","author":"Karunakaran","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17314","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M212170200","article-title":"A developmentally regulated two-component signal transduction system in Chlamydia","volume":"278","author":"Koo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-11-3135","article-title":"Substrate-specific diffusion of select dicarboxylates through Chlamydia trachomatis PorB","volume":"147","author":"Kubo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01161-13","article-title":"Transformation of Chlamydia muridarum reveals a role for Pgp5 in suppression of plasmid-dependent gene expression","volume":"196","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02576-14","article-title":"Plasmid-encoded Pgp3 is a major virulence factor for Chlamydia muridarum to induce hydrosalpinx in mice","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12929","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12929","article-title":"Streptococcus mutans copes with heat stress by multiple transcriptional regulons modulating virulence and energy metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194801082380202","article-title":"\u201cFever of unknown origin\u201d due to lymphogranuloma venereum","volume":"238","author":"Luger","year":"1948","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-003-0206-x","article-title":"Expression and localization of type III secretion-related proteins of Chlamydia pneumoniae","volume":"193","author":"Lugert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(01)44012-4","article-title":"Microbial molecular chaperones","volume":"44","author":"Lund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Microb. Physiol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00515-10","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis tarp and correlation with clinical phenotype","volume":"78","author":"Lutter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00860-00819","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00860-19","article-title":"The cryptic plasmid improves Chlamydia fitness in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"88","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6852","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.23.6852-6859.2003","article-title":"pH-dependent modulation of cyclic AMP levels and GadW-dependent repression of RpoS affect synthesis of the GadX regulator and Escherichia coli acid resistance","volume":"185","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2930","article-title":"RNase E: at the interface of bacterial RNA processing and decay","volume":"11","author":"Mackie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10353","DOI":"10.1021\/bi901200y","article-title":"Biophysical characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis CT584 supports its potential role as a type III secretion needle tip protein","volume":"48","author":"Markham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6239","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.21.6239-6242.2000","article-title":"Identification and mapping of sigma-54 promoters in Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"182","author":"Mathews","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00961.x","article-title":"In a class of its own--the RNA polymerase sigma factor sigma 54 (sigma N)","volume":"10","author":"Merrick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.10.015","article-title":"Sigma and RNA polymerase: an on-again, off-again relationship?","volume":"20","author":"Mooney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01640709","article-title":"The relation of basic biology to pathogenic potential in the genus Chlamydia","volume":"10","author":"Moulder","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01752.x","article-title":"CtsR controls class III heat shock gene expression in the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"35","author":"Nair","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10114","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10114","article-title":"Structure of a bacterial type III secretion system in contact with a host membrane in situ","volume":"6","author":"Nans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01166.x","article-title":"Negative regulation of bacterial heat shock genes","volume":"31","author":"Narberhaus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25199","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.568436","article-title":"Biochemical and structural insights into microtubule perturbation by CopN from Chlamydia pneumoniae","volume":"289","author":"Nawrotek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(81)80257-4","article-title":"Positive regulatory gene for temperature-controlled proteins in Escherichia coli","volume":"100","author":"Neidhardt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb01928.x","article-title":"Differential decay of a polycistronic Escherichia coli transcript is initiated by RNaseE-dependent endonucleolytic processing","volume":"5","author":"Nilsson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02164-17","article-title":"Plasmid negative regulation of CPAF expression is Pgp4 independent and restricted to invasive Chlamydia trachomatis biovars","volume":"9","author":"Patton","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01887","article-title":"The Helicobacter pylori heat-shock repressor HspR: definition of its direct regulon and characterization of the cooperative DNA-binding mechanism on its own promoter","volume":"9","author":"Pepe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D526","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz924","article-title":"ChlamDB: a comparative genomics database of the phylum Chlamydiae and other members of the Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobiae-Chlamydiae superphylum","volume":"48","author":"Pillonel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baz041","article-title":"ChlamBase: a curated model organism database for the chlamydia research community","volume":"2019","author":"Putman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.58.3.182","article-title":"Therapeutic abortion and chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"58","author":"Qvigstad","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Vener. Dis."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb1046","article-title":"Allosteric signaling of ATP hydrolysis in GroEL-GroES complexes","volume":"13","author":"Ranson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.6.1397","article-title":"Genome sequences of Chlamydia trachomatis MoPn and Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39","volume":"28","author":"Read","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg321","article-title":"Genome sequence of Chlamydophila caviae (Chlamydia psittaci GPIC): examining the role of niche-specific genes in the evolution of the Chlamydiaceae","volume":"31","author":"Read","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2008012","article-title":"An experimentally induced Chlamydia suis infection in pigs results in severe lung function disorders and pulmonary inflammation","volume":"39","author":"Reinhold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30125","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030125","article-title":"A bovine model of respiratory Chlamydia psittaci infection: challenge dose titration","volume":"7","author":"Reinhold","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00279434","article-title":"Transcriptional analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid pCT identifies temporally regulated transcripts, anti-sense RNA and sigma 70-selected promoters","volume":"237","author":"Ricci","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)00825-D","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation in the Chlamydia trachomatis pCT plasmid","volume":"154","author":"Ricci","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01761","article-title":"The stress-responsive alternative sigma factor SigB of Bacillus subtilis and its relatives: an old friend with new functions","volume":"11","author":"Rodriguez Ayala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7100436","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori stress-response: definition of the HrcA regulon","volume":"7","author":"Roncarati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux015","article-title":"Regulation of heat-shock genes in bacteria: from signal sensing to gene expression output","volume":"41","author":"Roncarati","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061702","article-title":"The interplay between two transcriptional repressors and chaperones orchestrates Helicobacter pylori heat-shock response","volume":"19","author":"Roncarati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12804","article-title":"The transcriptional repressor EUO regulates both subsets of Chlamydia late genes","volume":"94","author":"Rosario","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.08077.x","article-title":"The early gene product EUO is a transcriptional repressor that selectively regulates promoters of Chlamydia late genes","volume":"84","author":"Rosario","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8849","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.596288","article-title":"A functional DnaK dimer is essential for the efficient interaction with Hsp40 heat shock protein*","volume":"290","author":"Sarbeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6182","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.22.6182-6189.2002","article-title":"Involvement of two putative alternative sigma factors in stress response of the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans","volume":"184","author":"Schmid","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.01.028","article-title":"The ESCRT machinery","volume":"22","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.4.1088-1093.1996","article-title":"hrcA, the first gene of the Bacillus subtilis dnaK operon encodes a negative regulator of class I heat shock genes","volume":"178","author":"Schulz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00429-17","article-title":"The genital tract virulence factor pGP3 is essential for Chlamydia muridarum colonization in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"86","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7364","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01014-06","article-title":"Selective promoter recognition by chlamydial sigma28 holoenzyme","volume":"188","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2000.1854","article-title":"Identification and characterization of promoters regulating tuf expression in Chlamydia trachomatis serovar F","volume":"379","author":"Shen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00023-21","article-title":"Regulation of the mitochondrion-fatty acid axis for the metabolic reprogramming of Chlamydia trachomatis during treatment with beta-lactam antimicrobials","volume":"12","author":"Shima","year":"2021","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo4010001","article-title":"Regulation Systems of Bacteria such as Escherichia coli in response to nutrient limitation and environmental stresses","volume":"4","author":"Shimizu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008078","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008078","article-title":"Fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of isoprenoid synthesis, induces persistence in Chlamydia by inhibiting peptidoglycan assembly","volume":"15","author":"Slade","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01305-12","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid-encoded Pgp4 is a transcriptional regulator of virulence-associated genes","volume":"81","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01725-20","article-title":"Sigma 54-regulated transcription is associated with membrane reorganization and type III secretion effectors during conversion to infectious forms of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"11","author":"Soules","year":"2020","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000579","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000579","article-title":"The Chlamydia type III secretion system C-ring engages a chaperone-effector protein complex","volume":"5","author":"Spaeth","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.10.2956-2965.2004","article-title":"Dual control of Helicobacter pylori heat shock gene transcription by HspR and HrcA","volume":"186","author":"Spohn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.754","article-title":"Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"282","author":"Stephens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-10-3129","article-title":"Dissection of the heat-shock response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using mutants and microarraysaaA list of the 100 ORFs most highly induced by heat shock is provided as supplementary data with the online version of this paper (http:\/\/mic.sgmjournals.org)","volume":"148","author":"Stewart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S865","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ756","article-title":"Lymphogranuloma venereum 2015: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"61","author":"Stoner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00335-X","article-title":"Type III secretion system in Chlamydia species: identified members and candidates","volume":"2","author":"Subtil","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-007-9091-4","article-title":"Question 7: optimized energy consumption for protein synthesis","volume":"37","author":"Szaflarski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D607","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1131","article-title":"STRING v11: protein\u2013protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets","volume":"47","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6983","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.23.6983-6990.1996","article-title":"Transcriptional organization and regulation of the dnaK and groE operons of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"178","author":"Tan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.38.100184.002331","article-title":"The status of YATP and maintenance energy as biologically interpretable phenomena","volume":"38","author":"Tempest","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.7020108","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis: genome sequence analysis of lymphogranuloma venereum isolates","volume":"18","author":"Thomson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3684805","article-title":"The Chlamydophila abortus genome sequence reveals an array of variable proteins that contribute to interspecies variation","volume":"15","author":"Thomson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.016","article-title":"Differential gene and transcript expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with TopHat and Cufflinks","volume":"7","author":"Trapnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-140-4-741","article-title":"Analysis of the induction of general stress proteins of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"140","author":"V\u00f6lker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00123","article-title":"The DUF582 proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis bind to components of the ESCRT machinery, which is dispensable for bacterial growth in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Vromman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76743","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076743","article-title":"Conditional gene expression in Chlamydia trachomatis using the tet system","volume":"8","author":"Wickstrum","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2006.10.003","article-title":"On the role of specific chaperones, the specific ATPase, and the proton motive force in type III secretion","volume":"297","author":"Wilharm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6566","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.23.6566-6571.2002","article-title":"Functional analysis of the heat shock regulator HrcA of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"184","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.11.3384-3391.2004","article-title":"Stress response gene regulation in Chlamydia is dependent on HrcA-CIRCE interactions","volume":"186","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7535","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.21.7535-7542.2005","article-title":"Chlamydial GroEL autoregulates its own expression through direct interactions with the HrcA repressor protein","volume":"187","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02016-20","article-title":"The ClpX and ClpP2 orthologs of Chlamydia trachomatis perform discrete and essential functions in organism growth and development","volume":"11","author":"Wood","year":"2020","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00635-00618","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00635-18","article-title":"Initial characterization of the two ClpP paralogs of Chlamydia trachomatis suggests unique functionality for each","volume":"201","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cb.11.110195.002301","article-title":"Heat shock transcription factors: structure and regulation","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref137","first-page":"34","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in community-acquired pneumonia in Taiwan","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21461","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.344358","article-title":"Crystal structure of DnaK protein complexed with nucleotide exchange factor GrpE in DnaK chaperone system: insight into intermolecular communication","volume":"287","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-444","article-title":"WebMGA: a customizable web server for fast metagenomic sequence analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftaa005","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa005","article-title":"Nonspecific toxicities of Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus dCas9 in Chlamydia trachomatis","author":"Wurihan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104917","article-title":"GrgA overexpression inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis growth through sigma66- and sigma28-dependent mechanisms","volume":"156","author":"Wurihan","year":"","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0073821","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00738-21","article-title":"Identification of a GrgA-Euo-HrcA transcriptional regulatory network in chlamydia","volume":"6","author":"Wurihan","year":"","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/41944","article-title":"The crystal structure of the asymmetric GroEL-GroES-(ADP)7 chaperonin complex","volume":"388","author":"Xu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnx145","article-title":"An in vitro model of azithromycin-induced persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"364","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.3.860","article-title":"Genetic control of heat-shock protein synthesis and its bearing on growth and thermal resistance in Escherichia coli K-12","volume":"79","author":"Yamamori","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01902-20","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid gene protein 3 is essential for the establishment of persistent infection and associated immunopathology","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5524","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00480-06","article-title":"Mutational analysis of the promoter recognized by Chlamydia and Escherichia coli sigma(28) RNA polymerase","volume":"188","author":"Yu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8206","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01082-06","article-title":"In silico prediction and functional validation of sigma28-regulated genes in Chlamydia and Escherichia coli","volume":"188","author":"Yu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03708.x","article-title":"Sigma28 RNA polymerase regulates hctB, a late developmental gene in Chlamydia","volume":"50","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2443.1996.28028.x","article-title":"Regulation and conservation of the heat-shock transcription factor sigma32","volume":"1","author":"Yura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.47.100193.001541","article-title":"Regulation of the heat-shock response in bacteria","volume":"47","author":"Yura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-071819-031654","article-title":"Cold shock response in bacteria","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00844-18","article-title":"The plasmid-encoded pGP3 promotes Chlamydia evasion of acidic barriers in both stomach and vagina","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00793-00719","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00793-19","article-title":"The repressor function of the Chlamydia late regulator EUO is enhanced by the plasmid-encoded protein Pgp4","volume":"202","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.09.006","article-title":"CHLAMYDIAL plasmid-dependent pathogenicity","volume":"25","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7050149","article-title":"The Chlamydia trachomatis extrusion exit mechanism is regulated by host abscission proteins","volume":"7","author":"Zuck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.812448\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T15:24:50Z","timestamp":1726413890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.812448\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"references-count":156,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2021.812448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.812448","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"article-number":"812448"}}