{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:02:03Z","timestamp":1753891323926,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of infections caused by the H7N9 subtype of the influenza virus has expanded rapidly in China in recent decades, generating massive economic loss and posing a significant threat to public health. In the absence of specialized antiviral treatments or long-term effective preventative vaccinations, it is critical to constantly enhance vaccines and create effective antiviral drugs to prevent the recurrence of pandemics. In the present study, a transmembrane-substituted (TM) virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine was created by replacing the transmembrane region of hemagglutinin (HA) protein with the transmembrane region of the H3 HA protein and then used to immunize BALB\/c mice. Sera and T cells were collected from the immunized mice to evaluate the passive immune effects. Our results showed that na\u00efve mice achieved 80\u2013100% protection against homologous and heterologous H7N9 influenza strains after receiving passive serum immunization; the protective effect of the TM VLPs was more evident than that of the wild-type HA VLPs. In contrast, mice immunized with passive T cells achieved only 20 to 80% protection against homologous or heterologous strains. Our findings significantly contribute to understanding the control of the H7N9 virus and the development of a vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1003714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T06:14:58Z","timestamp":1665036898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The transmembrane replacement H7N9-VLP vaccine displays high levels of protection in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jianru","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaqi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.007823","article-title":"The ferret as a model organism to study influenza a virus infection","volume":"4","author":"Belser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis. 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