{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T02:33:57Z","timestamp":1784687637502,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006190","name":"Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFD0500106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0500106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) can be transmitted through contaminated live poultry vaccine. However, the pathogenicity of contaminated CIAV strains is rarely reported. Previously, the chickens showed the typical symptoms of anemia after using the attenuated live fowl pox virus (FPV) vaccine. Therefore, exogenous CIAV contamination was suspected. We detected anti-CIAV antibodies in SPF chicks vaccinated with the FPV vaccine. CIAV contamination was confirmed in the FPV vaccine, and the CIAV strain was named JS2020-FPV. This study aims to rescue JS2020-FPV by reverse genetic assays and investigate its pathogenicity. Firstly, double-copies infectious clone of JS2020-FPV was constructed. For the pathogenicity study, infectious clone of JS2020-FPV was used to inoculate 1-day-old SPF chicks. The typical symptoms of anemia were observed in the JS2020-PFV group 14\u2009 days post inoculation. The hematocrit and body weight of chicks in the JS2020-PFV group were significantly lower than those in the mock group. Notably, the thymus development index and antibody levels of NDV were lower in chicks in the JS2020-PFV group than those in the mock group. Different degrees of apoptosis of MSB1 and DF-1 were observed after inoculated with the JS2020-FPV VP3 recombinant fusion protein expressed by <jats:italic><jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> system, indicating that VP3 induced apoptosis in the transformed cells. Overall, the pathogenicity of the CIAV detected in the contaminated vaccine was confirmed by inoculating SPF chicks with the double-copies infectious DNA clone in this study. Our findings indicate that the dangers of vaccine contamination cannot be ignored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1016784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T12:13:57Z","timestamp":1663935237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Construction of chicken infectious anemia virus infectious clone and study on its pathogenicity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichun","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145-305x(99)00076-2","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of chicken anemia virus infection","volume":"24","author":"Adair","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1637\/8100-083107-Reg.1","article-title":"Molecualr characterization of three recombinant isolates of avian leukosis virus obtained from contaminated Marek's disease vaccines","volume":"52","author":"Barbosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540405200405","article-title":"Production of cell lines secreting TAT fusion proteins","volume":"52","author":"Barka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.11.5843","article-title":"Apoptin induces apoptosis in human transformed and malignant cells but not in normal cells","volume":"94","author":"Danen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6707868","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6707868","article-title":"Genetic analysis of two chicken infectious anemia virus variants-related gyrovirus in stray mice and dogs: the first report in China, 2015","volume":"2017","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1637821","article-title":"Chicken infectious anaemia virus infections in chickens in northern Vietnam: epidemiological features and genetic characterization of the causative agent","volume":"49","author":"Huynh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7383","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.66.12.7383-7388.1992","article-title":"Chicken anemia virus causes apoptosis of thymocytes after in vivo infection and of cell lines after in vitro infection","volume":"66","author":"Jeurissen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew405","article-title":"Isolation, identification, and hexon gene characterization of fowl adenoviruses from a contaminated live Newcastle disease virus vaccine","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew406","article-title":"Molecular characterization of chicken infectious anemia virus from contaminated live-virus vaccines","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930887","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.930887","article-title":"Genomic Characterization of CIAV Detected in Contaminated Attenuated NDV Vaccine: Epidemiological Evidence of Source and Vertical Transmission From SPF Chicken Embryos in China.","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2012.520","article-title":"TAT-Apoptin induces apoptosis in the human bladder cancer EJ cell line and regulates Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and survivin expression","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"643","article-title":"Isolation, identification, and whole genome sequencing of reticuloendotheliosis virus from a vaccine against Marek\u2019s disease","volume-title":"Poult. Sci.","author":"Li","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.65.6.3131-3139.1991","article-title":"Characterization of cloned chicken anemia virus DNA that contains all elements for the infectious replication cycle","volume":"65","author":"Noteborn","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.1.346-351.1994","article-title":"A single chicken anemia virus protein induces apoptosis","volume":"68","author":"Noteborn","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.019","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus-attenuated vaccine co-contaminated with fowl adenovirus and chicken infectious anemia virus results in inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in poultry","volume":"218","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2014.08.002","article-title":"Chicken anemia virus and avian gyrovirus 2 as contaminants in poultry vaccines","volume":"42","author":"Varela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12841","article-title":"Full-length genome sequence analysis of an avian Leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) as contaminant in live poultry vaccine: the commercial live vaccines might be a potential route for ALV-J transmission","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43422","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043422","article-title":"Probable congenital transmission of Reticuloendotheliosis virus caused by vaccination with contaminated vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1637\/7444-092405R.1","article-title":"Detection and characterization of avian leukosis virus in Marek's disease vaccines","volume":"50","author":"Zavala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609071","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.609071","article-title":"Apoptosis triggered by ORF3 proteins of the Circoviridae family","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-03963","article-title":"Isolation, identification, and gp85 characterization of a subgroup A avian leukosis virus from a contaminated live Newcastle disease virus vaccine, first report in China","volume":"93","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"S118","article-title":"Apoptin, aprotein encoded by chicken anemia virus, induces cell death invarious human hematologic malignant cells in vitro","author":"Zhuang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Leukemia"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1016784\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T12:14:02Z","timestamp":1663935242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1016784\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1016784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1016784","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"article-number":"1016784"}}