{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T02:05:00Z","timestamp":1776909900441,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82072318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2301002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2301002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the bacterial distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical isolates from Gram-negative bacteria bloodstream infections (GNBSI) in China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture were collected during April 2019 to December 2021 in 21 member hospitals of China Bloodstream Gram-negative Pathogens Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Surveillance Network (CARVIS-NET). Antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by broth microdilution method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, United States). WHONET 2021 and SPSS 22.0 were used to analyze data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the study period, 1939 Gram-negative bacteria were collected from 21 hospitals, among which 1,724 (88.9%) were <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>, 207 (10.7%) were non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria and 8 (0.4%) were others. The top five bacterial species were <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (46.2%), <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (31.6%), <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (4.9%), <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic> (4.2%) and <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic> (3.0%). For <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, antibiotic resistance was mainly prevalent in hospital-associated bloodstream infections, while for <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>, antibiotic resistance was mainly prevalent in community-associated bloodstream infections. It is worth mentioning that 94.1% of the 1939 Gram-negative isolates were susceptible to polymyxin B. The sensitivity of the strains involved in our investigation to polymyxin B is highly correlated with their sensitivity to colistin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The surveillance results in CARVIS-NET-2021 showed that the main pathogens of GNBSI in China were <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>, while <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was the most common pathogen. The resistance rates of <jats:italic>K. pneumonia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic> to multiple antibiotics kept on a high level. In many cases, polymyxin B and colistin has become the last-resort agents to combat bloodstream infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1017488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T05:55:26Z","timestamp":1665035726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Antimicrobial susceptibility to polymyxin B and other comparators against Gram-negative bacteria isolated from bloodstream infections in China: Results from CARVIS-NET program"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiyao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingjia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingchun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106439","article-title":"Activity of ceftazidime\/avibactam, meropenem\/vaborbactam and imipenem\/relebactam against carbapenemase-negative carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from US hospitals","volume":"58","author":"Castanheira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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