{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:24:46Z","timestamp":1785860686968,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is transmitted vertically from an infected mother to her child <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> breastfeeding during infancy or horizontally <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> sexual contact. However, little information is available on the HTLV-1 seroconversion rate in pregnant mothers and the impact of new HTLV-1 infection on mothers and babies during the perinatal period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From the database of a prefecture-wide antenatal adult T-cell leukemia prevention program in Nagasaki, Japan, we extracted data on 57,323 pregnant women who were screened for anti-HTLV-1 antibody during 2011\u20132018. Data on the 16,863 subjects whose HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) was measured more than twice were included in our analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 133 (0.79%) pregnant women were HTLV-1-positive during their first pregnancy and nine (0.05%) seroconverted before or during subsequent pregnancies (between pregnancies). The median PVL (per 100 peripheral blood mononuclear cells) was significantly lower in the seroconverted mothers (0.10%) than in the initially seropositive mothers (0.15%). A repeated measures correlation analysis for the individual PVLs of the HTLV-1-positive pregnant women showed that PVL increased with parity number (<jats:italic>rrm<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.25) with no perinatal problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The HTLV-1 seroconversion rate between pregnancies was 0.05%, and their HTLV-1 PVL increased annually but no perinatal problems were noted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1036955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T06:37:32Z","timestamp":1668494252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Frequency of HTLV-1 seroconversion between pregnancies in Nagasaki, Japan, 2011\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nahoko","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Iwanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoko","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Fuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Moriuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsunori","family":"Yanagihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyonori","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631825","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/631825","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma during pregnancy","volume":"2013","author":"Amor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol. Med."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318263ad7a","article-title":"HTLV-1 in solid-organ transplantation: current challenges and future management strategies","volume":"94","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00456","article-title":"Repeated measures correlation","volume":"8","author":"Bakdash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19334-0","article-title":"The immune control and cell-to-cell spread of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1","volume":"84","author":"Bangham","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12904","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma in a pregnant woman diagnosed as a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 carrier","volume":"42","author":"Fuchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy017","article-title":"Natural course of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 proviral DNA levels in carriers during pregnancy","volume":"217","author":"Fuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of HTLV-1 infection","volume":"3","author":"Gessain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.87.152","article-title":"Establishment of the milk-borne transmission as a key factor for the peculiar endemicity of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1): the ATL prevention program Nagasaki","volume":"87","author":"Hino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"57","article-title":"Primary prevention of HTLV-1 in Japan","author":"Hino","year":"1997","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92358-0","article-title":"Breaking the cycle of HTLV-I transmission via carrier mothers' milk","volume":"2","author":"Hino","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"474","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type-I","volume":"76","author":"Hino","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00595","article-title":"A nationwide antenatal human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 antibody screening in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Itabashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-12-257410","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) proviral load and disease progression in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers: a nationwide prospective study in Japan","volume":"116","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2257.2003.00503.x","article-title":"Significance of HTLV-1 proviral load quantification by real-time PCR as a surrogate marker for HTLV-1-infected cell count","volume":"25","author":"Kamihira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Haematol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199606010-00014","article-title":"Male-to-female transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II: association with viral load. The retrovirus epidemiology donor study group","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.158","article-title":"A decrease in mother-to-child transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in Okinawa, Japan","volume":"70","author":"Kashiwagi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Milk-bone transmission of HTLV-1 and its intervention in Nagasaki","volume":"44","author":"Katamine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Med. Nagasaki"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"103","article-title":"Demonstration of adult T-cell leukemia virus antigen in milk from three sero-positive mothers","volume":"75","author":"Kinoshita","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gan"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Oral infection of a common marmoset with human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-1) by inoculating fresh human milk of HTLV-1 carrier mothers","volume":"76","author":"Kinoshita","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01628-15","article-title":"Standardization of quantitative PCR for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 in Japan: a collaborative study","volume":"53","author":"Kuramitsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910400607","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1): a fifteen-year follow-up study in Okinawa, Japan","volume":"40","author":"Kusuhara","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2111","article-title":"Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation","volume":"7","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-56523-9_13","article-title":"Prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) mother-to-child transmission","volume-title":"Adult T-cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma","author":"Miura","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31827efc39","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1","volume":"32","author":"Moriuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.142","article-title":"Adult T cell leukaemia\/lymphoma (ATL) in pregnancy: a UK case series","volume":"2","author":"Motedayen Aval","year":"2020","journal-title":"eJHaem"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289809114225","article-title":"Analysis of HTLV-I proviral load in 202 HAM\/TSP patients and 243 asymptomatic HTLV-I carriers: high proviral load strongly predisposes to HAM\/TSP","volume":"4","author":"Nagai","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"445","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma in pregnancy","volume":"72","author":"Ohba","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.1984.tb00083.x","article-title":"A retrospective study on transmission of adult T cell leukemia virus by blood transfusion: seroconversion in recipients","volume":"46","author":"Okochi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24745","article-title":"High risk of heterosexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in Brazil","volume":"89","author":"Paiva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00378","article-title":"Pathways of cell-cell transmission of HTLV-1","volume":"3","author":"Pique","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001628","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma incidence rate in French Guiana: a prospective cohort of women infected with HTLV-1","volume":"4","author":"Ramassamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007736","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007736","article-title":"Pregnancy does not adversely impact diagnostic tests for HTLV-1\/2 infection","volume":"13","author":"Rosadas","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1086\/429410","article-title":"HTLV outcomes study investigators. A prospective study of sexual transmission of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I and HTLV-II","volume":"191","author":"Roucoux","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200206203462519","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma during pregnancy","volume":"346","author":"Safdar","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-81","article-title":"High human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) provirus load in patients with HTLV-1 carriers complicated with HTLV-1-unrelated disorders","volume":"7","author":"Sasaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30252-3","article-title":"Incidence of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infection in adolescent and adult blood donors in Japan: a nationwide retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"16","author":"Satake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23181","article-title":"Current prevalence of HTLV-1 in Japan as determined by screening of blood donors","volume":"84","author":"Satake","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.1.57","article-title":"Heterosexual transmission of human T cell leukemia\/lymphoma virus type I among married couples in southwestern Japan: an initial report from the Miyazaki cohort study","volume":"167","author":"Stuver","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490912400320","article-title":"Open epi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health","volume":"124","author":"Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1993.33793325055.x","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types I and II infection in sexual contacts and family members of blood donors who are seropositive for HTLV type I or II. American red Cross HTLV-I\/II collaborative study group","volume":"33","author":"Sullivan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.814631","article-title":"Current status of HTLV-1 carrier in Japanese pregnant women","volume":"27","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"893","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of the distribution of antibody to adult T-cell leukemia-virus-associated antigen: possible horizontal transmission of adult T-cell leukemia virus","volume":"73","author":"Tajima","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gan"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910490508","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of maternal antibody on mother-to-child transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I. the mother-to-child transmission study group","volume":"49","author":"Takahashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1996.tb01077.x","article-title":"A case of pregnancy with adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"22","author":"Utsumi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref45","year":""},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5710(97)00077-7","article-title":"HTLV-1-associated diseases","volume":"66","author":"Watanabe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-011-0934-4","article-title":"Current status of HTLV-1 infection","volume":"94","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref48","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"481","article-title":"Oral transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type-I into a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as an experimental model for milk-borne transmission","volume":"76","author":"Yamanouchi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1036955\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T06:37:37Z","timestamp":1668494257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1036955\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1036955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1036955","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"article-number":"1036955"}}