{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T15:55:12Z","timestamp":1784390112573,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000683","name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303131\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303131\/2018-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000831","name":"Natural History Museum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["420685\/2017-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["420685\/2017-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accurate diagnosis followed by timely treatment is an effective strategy for the prevention of complications together with reducing schistosomiasis transmission. Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) is a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific isothermal method with low resource needs. This research aimed at the development and optimisation of a real-time (RT) and a lateral flow (LF) RPA assay for the detection of <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recombinase Polymerase Amplification reactions were performed at full- (as recommended) and half-volumes (to reduce costs), with RT or LF detection systems targeting the <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> mitochondrial minisatellite region. The specificity was assessed using gDNA from other <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> species, helminths co-endemic with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>, human stool, and urine, and <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic> snail hosts. The analytical sensitivity was evaluated using serial dilutions of gDNA, synthetic copies of the target, and single eggs. The ability of both assays to detect the <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> DNA in human urine and stool samples was also tested. The long-term stability of the RT-RPA reagents was evaluated by storing the reaction components in different temperature conditions for up to 3 \u2009weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The RT- and the LF-RPA (SmMIT- and SmMIT-LF-RPA, respectively) presented similar results when used full- and half-volumes, thus the latter was followed in all experiments. The SmMIT-RPA was 100% specific to <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>, able to detect a single egg, with a limit of detection (LOD) of down to 1 \u2009fg of gDNA and one synthetic copy of the target. The assay was able to detect <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> DNA from stool containing 1 egg\/g and in spiked urine at a concentration of 10\u2009 fg\/\u03bcl. SmMIT-RPA reagents were stable for up to 3 \u2009weeks when kept at 19\u00b0C, and 2\u2009 weeks when stored at 27\u00b0C. The SmMIT-LF-RPA cross-reacted with Clinostomidae, presented the LOD of 10 \u2009fg and one synthetic copy of the target, being able to detect a single egg and 1 egg\/g in a stool sample. The LOD in spiked urine samples was 10 \u2009pg\/\u03bcl.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The half-volume SmMIT-RPA is a promising method to be used in the field. It is specific, sensitive, robust, and tolerant to inhibitors, with a long-term stability of the reaction components and the real-time visualisation of results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1043596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T14:07:29Z","timestamp":1668780449000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Development of real-time and lateral flow recombinase polymerase amplification assays for rapid detection of Schistosoma mansoni"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Silvia Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Birgitta","family":"Lugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Matera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Toscano","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Lima","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0764","article-title":"Detection of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification: identification of infected snails from early prepatency","volume":"83","author":"Abbasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X22000153","article-title":"Performance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection compared with Kato\u2013Katz and real-time PCR","volume":"96","author":"Allam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184175","article-title":"Analytical and clinical assessment of a portable, isothermal Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for the molecular diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis","volume":"25","author":"Archer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0010276","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010276","article-title":"Validation of the isothermal Schistosoma haematobium Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay, coupled with simplified sample preparation, for diagnosing female genital schistosomiasis using cervicovaginal lavage and vaginal self-swab samples","volume":"16","author":"Archer","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0031","article-title":"Accuracy of two circulating antigen tests for the diagnosis and surveillance of Schistosoma mansoni infection in low-endemicity settings of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"105","author":"Assare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01963-9","article-title":"Comparison of real-time PCR and the Kato-Katz method for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and assessment of cure in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Barda","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005953","article-title":"Estimating sensitivity of the Kato-Katz technique for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm in relation to infection intensity","volume":"11","author":"B\u00e4renbold","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.06.011","article-title":"Variations in helminth fecal egg counts in Kato-Katz thick smears and their implications in assessing infection status with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"92","author":"Berhe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230-016-9631-2","article-title":"Molecular approaches to trematode systematics: \u2018best practice\u2019 and implications for future study","volume":"93","author":"Blasco-Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref11","author":"Brasil","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8628971","article-title":"Use of molecular methods for the rapid mass detection of Schistosoma mansoni (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) in Biomphalaria spp. (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)","volume":"2017","author":"Caldeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00858","article-title":"The advances in molecular and new point-of-care (POC) diagnosis of schistosomiasis pre-and post-praziquantel use-and the pursuit of more reliable approaches for low endemic and non-endemic areas","volume":"10","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3145921","article-title":"Development of a rapid point-of-use DNA test for the screening of Genuity\u00ae roundup ready 2 yield\u00ae soybean in seed samples","volume":"2016","author":"Chandu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.03060.x","article-title":"Schistosoma real-time PCR as diagnostic tool for international travellers and migrants","volume":"17","author":"Cnops","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004778","article-title":"Improvement of POC-CCA interpretation by using Lyophilization of urine from patients with Schistosoma mansoni low worm burden: towards an elimination of doubts about the concept of trace","volume":"10","author":"Coelho","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000626","article-title":"Tools for diagnosis, monitoring and screening of Schistosoma infections utilizing lateral-flow based assays and upconverting phosphor labels","volume":"141","author":"Corstjens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.245829","article-title":"Recombinase polymerase amplification for diagnostic applications","volume":"62","author":"Daher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030319","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of a basic Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for early detection of Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102201","article-title":"Intestinal schistosomiasis: can a urine sample decide the infection?","volume":"80","author":"Diab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030511","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification in schistosomiasis","volume":"10","author":"Diego","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c04779","article-title":"Suitcase lab for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 based on Recombinase polymerase amplification assay","volume":"93","author":"El Wahed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-185","article-title":"Schistosomiasis collection at the natural history museum (SCAN)","volume":"5","author":"Emery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.09.016","article-title":"The effect of the number of stool samples on the observed prevalence and the infection intensity with Schistosoma mansoni among a population in an area of low transmission","volume":"108","author":"Enk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3126","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003126","article-title":"A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for early detection of Schistosoma mansoni in stool samples: A diagnostic approach in a murine model","volume":"8","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Soto","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214125","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214125","article-title":"Detection of Schistosoma mansoni-derived DNA in human urine samples by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)","volume":"14","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Soto","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.102035","article-title":"Evaluation of a duplex real-time PCR in human serum for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infections \u2013 cross-sectional study","volume":"41","author":"Frickmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105847","article-title":"Evaluation of a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of Schistosoma haematobium infection in resource-limited setting","volume":"216","author":"Frimpong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005225","article-title":"Biompha-LAMP: A new rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detecting Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata snail host","volume":"10","author":"Gandasegui","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006314","article-title":"A field survey using LAMP assay for detection of Schistosoma mansoni in a low-transmission area of schistosomiasis in Umbuzeiro, Brazil: assessment in human and snail samples","volume":"12","author":"Gandasegui","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51342-2","article-title":"Progress in loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Schistosoma mansoni DNA: towards a ready-to-use test","volume":"9","author":"Garc\u00eda-Bernalt Diego","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000664","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a sensitive PCR-ELISA system for detection of Schistosoma infection in feces","volume":"4","author":"Gomes","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762006000900021","article-title":"Development of a real time polymerase chain reaction for quantitation of Schistosoma mansoni DNA","volume":"101","author":"Gomes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105863","article-title":"Low specificity of point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) diagnostic test in a non-endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil","author":"Graeff-Teixeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.791997","article-title":"Development of a Recombinase polymerase amplification assay for Schistosomiasis japonica diagnosis in the experimental mice and domestic goats","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0208","article-title":"Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification suitable for molecular monitoring of schistosome-infected snails in field laboratories","volume":"88","author":"Hamburger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.04.001","article-title":"Hybridisation between the two major African schistosome species of humans","volume":"43","author":"Huyse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref39","author":"Katz","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev. do Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2019.57.2.175","article-title":"A case of unexpected Clinostomum complanatum infection initially presenting as foreign body in pharynx","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kor. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Kyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2017.69.3.177","article-title":"A case of endoscopically treated laryngopharyngitis resulting form Clinostomum complanatum infectio","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kor. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.08.061","article-title":"Nucleic acid amplification techniques for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in humans and the intermediate snail host: a structured review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.01.009","article-title":"Factors influencing Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay outcomes at point of care","volume":"30","author":"Lillis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00221-3","article-title":"Review of 2022 WHO guidelines on the control and elimination of schistosomiasis","volume":"3099","author":"Lo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2017.10.015","article-title":"Recombinase polymerase amplification: basics, applications and recent advances","volume":"98","author":"Lobato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.06.015","article-title":"Point of care diagnosis of multiple schistosome parasites: species-specific DNA detection in urine by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)","volume":"173","author":"Lodh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18616-6_3","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"1154","author":"LoVerde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","article-title":"Zhou X-N. Schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04888-y","article-title":"A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for Schistosoma mansoni detection in Biomphalaria spp. from schistosomiasis-endemic areas in Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Mesquita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"211","article-title":"A multiplex PCR protocol for rapid differential identification of four families of trematodes with medical and veterinary importance transmitted by Biomphalaria Preston","volume":"2020","author":"Mesquita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03959","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003959","article-title":"Is PCR the next reference standard for the diagnosis of Schistosoma in stool? A comparison with microscopy in Senegal and Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Meurs","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1267826","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Fecal samples","volume":"2018","author":"Mwangi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760180347","article-title":"The cost of a disease targeted for elimination in Brazil: the case of schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"114","author":"Nascimento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2019.06.001","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: Life cycle, diagnosis, and control","volume":"91","author":"Nelwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.846108","article-title":"The road to elimination: Current state of Schistosomiasis research and Progress towards the end game","volume":"13","author":"Ogongo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"690","volume-title":"Clinical applications of isothermal diagnosis for human Schistosomiasis. Encyclopedia","author":"Panzner","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040204","article-title":"DNA detection using recombination proteins","volume":"4","author":"Piepenburg","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6137-7","article-title":"Improved detection of DNA Schistosoma haematobium from eggs extracted by bead beating in urine","volume":"118","author":"Pomari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.652","article-title":"Comparison of a polymerase chain reaction and the Kato-Katz technique for diagnosing infection with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"68","author":"Pontes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2018.01.031","article-title":"Development of a lateral flow recombinase polymerase assay for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infections","volume":"546","author":"Poulton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0121","article-title":"Testing the infection prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni after mass drug administration by comparing sensitivity and specificity of species-specific repeat fragment amplification by PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification","volume":"101","author":"Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104727","article-title":"Population genetics of African Schistosoma species","volume":"89","author":"Rey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1055-3","article-title":"Isothermal Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) of Schistosoma haematobium DNA and oligochromatographic lateral flow detection","volume":"8","author":"Rosser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3755-6","article-title":"Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) fluorescence assay for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium","volume":"12","author":"Rostron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.620417","article-title":"A real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of intestinal Schistosomiasis and cure assessment after the treatment of individuals with low parasite burden","volume":"11","author":"Siqueira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.39.1.003","article-title":"Larval trematodes hosted by Biomphalaria straminea in the Brazilian semiarid region: implications for schistosomiasis control","volume":"39","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00682","article-title":"Performance of an ultra-sensitive assay targeting the circulating anodic antigen (CAA) for detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a low endemic area in Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Sousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-71","article-title":"Comparative cost assessment of the Kato-Katz and FLOTAC techniques for soil-transmitted helminth diagnosis in epidemiological surveys","volume":"3","author":"Speich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1745-5","article-title":"Recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick for rapid and visual detection of Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.01.007","article-title":"Economic considerations for moving beyond the Kato-Katz technique for diagnosing intestinal parasites as we move towards elimination","volume":"33","author":"Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.03.014","article-title":"New diagnostic tools in schistosomiasis","volume":"21","author":"Utzinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3182704d1e","article-title":"Neuroschistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"18","author":"Vale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105049","article-title":"Discrepancy between batches and impact on the sensitivity of point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen tests for Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"197","author":"Viana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00313","article-title":"Development of \u201c-omics\u201d research in Schistosoma spp. and-omics-based new diagnostic tools for schistosomiasis","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.08.009","article-title":"DNA \u2018barcoding\u2019 of Schistosoma mansoni across sub-Saharan Africa supports substantial within locality diversity and geographical separation of genotypes","volume":"128","author":"Webster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.01.006","article-title":"Cell-free DNA as a diagnostic tool for human parasitic infections","volume":"32","author":"Weerakoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref80","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref81","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref82","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2182-6","article-title":"Field evaluation of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Hunan province of China","volume":"17","author":"Xing","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1043596\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T14:07:35Z","timestamp":1668780455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1043596\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1043596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1043596","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"article-number":"1043596"}}